In the ever-evolving digital era, programming languages form the foundation of our technological landscape, enabling us to breathe life into ideas and shape the digital realm. These languages serve as the building blocks for software development, allowing us to communicate with computers and turn concepts into reality.
In this article, we embark on an enchanting exploration of the vast and diverse landscape of programming languages. We will unravel the intricacies of these languages, unveiling their distinct features, and understanding their practical applications. As we navigate through this creative tapestry of code, we’ll discover the remarkable ways in which different programming languages contribute to the vast array of digital innovations that surround us.
Beyond the surface, programming languages are much more than a mere means of communication between humans and computers. They represent the collective imagination, problem-solving prowess, and unique philosophies of their creators. From the early days of computing to the present, a rich lineage of programming languages has emerged, each with its own story to tell.
Throughout our journey, we will explore the diverse paradigms and programming styles that these languages offer. From procedural and object-oriented to functional and declarative, we’ll uncover the different ways in which developers approach problem-solving and express their creativity through code.
As we venture deeper, we’ll witness the impact of programming languages across various domains. From web development to scientific research, from system-level programming to mobile app development, programming languages enable us to tackle a wide range of challenges and unlock limitless possibilities.
Moreover, we’ll examine the symbiotic relationship between programming languages and the vibrant communities that surround them. These communities foster collaboration, share knowledge, and continuously push the boundaries of what can be achieved with code. From open-source projects to online forums and conferences, programmers come together to exchange ideas, contribute to libraries and frameworks, and collectively drive the evolution of programming languages.
Join us on this captivating journey where we celebrate the artistry and innovation behind programming languages. Together, we’ll gain a deeper appreciation for the diversity of programming languages and the boundless creativity they unleash. So, prepare to be inspired as we unravel the captivating world of programming languages and embrace the ever-expanding possibilities that they offer.
List of coding frameworks
| Language | Description |
|---|---|
| A.NET (A#/A sharp) | A.NET is a programming language developed by Microsoft. It is an object-oriented language that combines aspects of the C# and Ada programming languages. |
| A-0 System | A-0 System is one of the earliest programming languages developed by Grace Hopper in the late 1940s. It was used to program the first electronic computer, the UNIVAC I. |
| A+ (A plus) | A+ is an array programming language designed for mathematical and statistical computations. It provides powerful built-in functions and operators for working with arrays and matrices. |
| ABAP | ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming) is a programming language used for developing business applications in the SAP environment. It is primarily used for customizing and extending SAP systems. |
| ABC | ABC is a programming language designed for teaching programming concepts to beginners. It emphasizes simplicity and readability, making it easy to understand and learn. |
| ABC ALGOL | ABC ALGOL is a dialect of the ALGOL programming language developed at the University of Amsterdam. It introduced new features like block structure and garbage collection. |
| ACC | ACC (Accelerated C) is a programming language that extends the C language with high-level abstractions for parallel programming and GPU computing. It is commonly used for scientific and numerical computing. |
| Accent (Rational Synergy) | Accent is a programming language used in the Rational Synergy software configuration management system. It provides a scripting language for automating tasks and customizing the system. |
| Ace Distributed Application Specification Language (DASL) | Ace DASL is a language used for defining distributed applications in the ACE (Adaptive Communication Environment) framework. It provides a way to describe the structure and behavior of distributed systems. |
| Action! | Action! is a high-level programming language designed for game development on the Atari 8-bit computers. It provides features like high-resolution graphics and sound support specifically tailored for game programming. |
| ActionScript | ActionScript is a scripting language used primarily for creating interactive content in Adobe Flash and Adobe AIR applications. It is based on ECMAScript and has similar syntax to JavaScript. |
| Actor | Actor is a concurrent programming language that follows the actor model of computation. It allows objects called actors to communicate by sending and receiving messages, providing a simple model for parallel programming. |
| Ada – ISO/IEC 8652 | Ada is a high-level programming language designed for safety-critical systems. It has strong typing, modularity features, and built-in support for concurrency and exception handling. Ada has been standardized by ISO/IEC as the language specified in the document ISO/IEC 8652:2012. |
| Adenine (Haystack) | Adenine, also known as Haystack, is a programming language used for DNA sequence analysis. It provides a set of operations and functions specifically designed for manipulating genetic data. |
| AdvPL | AdvPL (Advanced Protheus Language) is a programming language used in the Protheus ERP system developed by TOTVS. It provides a way to customize and extend the functionality of the ERP system. |
| Agda | Agda is a dependently typed programming language and proof assistant. It allows developers to write code and prove its correctness using mathematical proofs. Agda is mainly used in research and formal verification of software. |
| Agilent VEE (Keysight VEE) | Agilent VEE (Visual Engineering Environment) is a programming language and development environment used for test and measurement automation. It provides a visual programming interface for creating measurement applications. |
| Agora | Agora is a programming language designed for building decentralized applications (dApps) on the Ethereum blockchain. It aims to simplify the development process and enhance the security of smart contracts. |
| AIMMS | AIMMS (Advanced Integrated Multidimensional Modeling Software) is a programming language and modeling environment for optimization and mathematical modeling. It is used for developing decision support systems and optimization applications. |
| Aldor | Aldor is a programming language and compiler that extends the capabilities of the functional programming language, Lisp. It provides advanced type inference and powerful compile-time optimizations. |
| Alef | Alef is a concurrent programming language developed at Bell Labs. It is known for its lightweight threading model and support for communication channels, making it suitable for building concurrent systems. |
| ALF | ALF (Action Language for Foundational UML) is a programming language used for specifying and modeling software systems using UML. It provides a formal way to describe system behavior and constraints. |
| ALGOL 58 | ALGOL 58 is one of the early versions of the ALGOL programming language. It introduced important concepts like block structure and recursion, influencing the development of subsequent programming languages. |
| ALGOL 60 | ALGOL 60 is a high-level programming language that had a significant impact on the development of programming languages. It introduced concepts like nested block structure, lexical scoping, and formal syntax. |
| ALGOL 68 | ALGOL 68 is a programming language that extended ALGOL 60 with additional features like user-defined data types and concurrency control. It influenced the development of subsequent programming languages. |
| ALGOL W | ALGOL W is a programming language that evolved from ALGOL 60. It introduced new features like call-by-name parameter passing and dynamic arrays. ALGOL W influenced the development of other programming languages. |
| Alice (Alice ML) | Alice is a functional programming language designed for teaching programming concepts. It emphasizes simplicity and clarity of code and provides a gentle introduction to functional programming principles. |
| Alma-0 | Alma-0 is a concurrent programming language developed at the University of Edinburgh. It provides features for programming with active objects, message passing, and synchronization mechanisms. |
| AmbientTalk | AmbientTalk is a distributed programming language designed for programming mobile and ubiquitous computing environments. It provides abstractions for programming networked devices and supports dynamic code updates. |
| Amiga E | Amiga E is a programming language developed for the Amiga computer. It is a structured language with high-level constructs and a compact syntax, making it suitable for game development and system programming. |
| AMPL | AMPL (A Mathematical Programming Language) is a high-level language for modeling and solving optimization problems. It provides a natural and concise syntax for formulating mathematical models and interfaces to various solvers. |
| Analitik | Analitik is a programming language used in the Synel Time and Attendance software. It provides a way to customize and extend the functionality of the software for time tracking and workforce management. |
| AngelScript | AngelScript is a scripting language designed for game development. It provides a flexible and easy-to-use syntax for integrating scripting capabilities into game engines and applications. |
| Apache Pig Latin | Apache Pig Latin is a data flow scripting language used for processing and analyzing large datasets in Apache Hadoop. It provides a high-level interface for expressing complex data transformations. |
| Apex (Salesforce.com, Inc) | Apex is a proprietary programming language used in the Salesforce platform for developing custom business logic and integrations. It is similar to Java and provides access to Salesforce’s API and data model. |
| APL | APL (A Programming Language) is a programming language designed for array processing and mathematical computations. It uses special symbols and concise syntax to express complex operations on arrays. |
| App Inventor for Android’s visual block language (MIT App Inventor) | App Inventor for Android is a visual programming environment for creating Android apps. It uses a block-based programming language that allows users to drag and drop visual blocks to build app functionality. |
| AppleScript | AppleScript is a scripting language developed by Apple for automating tasks and controlling applications on macOS. It provides access to system functionality and allows users to script various actions on their Mac. |
| APT | APT (Automatically Programmed Tool) is a programming language used in computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). It provides a way to generate machine tool instructions for controlling automated machining operations. |
| Arc | Arc is a dialect of the Lisp programming language developed by Paul Graham. It is designed for simplicity and expressiveness, emphasizing interactive development and concise code. |
| ARexx | ARexx (Amiga Rexx) is a scripting language developed for the Amiga computer. It provides a simple and intuitive syntax for automating tasks and interacting with the Amiga operating system. |
| Argus | Argus is a concurrent programming language that supports fine-grained parallelism. It provides abstractions for concurrent programming, including actors and futures, and focuses on ease of use and scalability. |
| Assembly language (ASM) | Assembly language is a low-level programming language that represents instructions and operations in a form that can be understood by a computer’s processor. It provides direct control over hardware resources and is specific to a particular processor architecture. |
| AutoHotkey | AutoHotkey is a scripting language for Windows that allows users to automate tasks and create custom shortcuts and macros. It provides a simple syntax for defining hotkeys and automating various actions on a Windows computer. |
| AutoIt | AutoIt is a scripting language for automating Windows GUI interactions and tasks. It provides a straightforward syntax for simulating mouse clicks, keystrokes, and window manipulation. |
| AutoLISP / Visual LISP | AutoLISP is a scripting language used for customizing and extending AutoCAD, a popular computer-aided design (CAD) software. It allows users to automate tasks and create custom commands. Visual LISP is an extension of AutoLISP with additional features and integration with the AutoCAD environment. |
| Averest | Averest is a programming language and verification toolset for developing embedded systems. It combines the AADL (Architecture Analysis and Design Language) with the SPARK programming language for high assurance. |
| AWK | AWK is a programming language designed for text processing and pattern matching. It provides powerful features for manipulating structured text files, such as extracting data, filtering, and performing calculations. |
| Axum | Axum is a concurrent programming language developed by Microsoft Research. It provides language-level abstractions for building scalable and asynchronous applications, leveraging the power of multi-core processors. |
| Babbage | Babbage is a programming language and toolset for developing software systems using formal methods. It provides a way to specify system behavior and automatically generate code from formal specifications. |
| Ballerina | Ballerina is a cloud-native programming language designed for building distributed and resilient applications. It provides built-in support for handling network protocols, service discovery, and distributed transactions. |
| Bash | Bash (Bourne Again SHell) is a scripting language and command-line shell for Unix-like operating systems. It provides a way to write scripts to automate system administration tasks and interact with the command-line environment. |
| BASIC | BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a high-level programming language designed for beginners. It provides a simple syntax and features for writing and running programs on early personal computers. |
| Batch file (Windows/MS-DOS) | Batch file is a scripting language used in Windows and MS-DOS operating systems. It allows users to write scripts that automate repetitive tasks and perform system commands in a batch mode. |
| bc (basic calculator) | bc is a programming language and command-line calculator. It provides a simple syntax for performing arithmetic and other mathematical operations. bc can be used interactively or in scripts for computation. |
| BCPL | BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) is a general-purpose programming language developed at the University of Cambridge in the 1960s. It influenced the development of the B and C programming languages. |
| BeanShell | BeanShell is a scripting language for the Java platform. It provides a way to write scripts using Java syntax and interact with Java classes and libraries dynamically. BeanShell is often used for prototyping and scripting within Java applications. |
| BETA | BETA is an object-oriented programming language that supports the BETA model of computation. It provides features for class-based inheritance, encapsulation, and message passing. BETA encourages a collaborative approach to software development. |
| BLISS | BLISS (Basic Language for Implementation of System Software) is a high-level programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon University. It was designed for system programming and provides features for low-level control and efficiency. |
| Blockly | Blockly is a visual programming language and framework for building block-based programming environments. It provides a drag-and-drop interface for creating programs by arranging blocks of code. Blockly is often used in educational settings to teach programming concepts. |
| BlooP | BlooP is a programming language designed for computational number theory. It provides features for reasoning about computability and decidability of mathematical functions. BlooP is an example of a Turing complete language with restricted operations. |
| Boo | Boo is a statically typed programming language for the .NET Framework. It combines features from Python, C#, and other languages and provides a concise syntax and powerful metaprogramming capabilities. |
| Boomerang | Boomerang is a programming language designed for decompilation and reverse engineering. It provides a way to analyze and reconstruct the source code of compiled programs. Boomerang is often used for analyzing malware and understanding binary executables. |
| Bosque | Bosque is a programming language developed by Microsoft Research. It aims to provide a more reliable and understandable approach to software development by focusing on code correctness and simplicity. |
| C – ISO/IEC 9899 | C is a widely used programming language known for its low-level control and efficiency. It provides a balance of high-level and low-level programming features, making it suitable for systems programming and embedded systems. The ISO/IEC 9899 standard specifies the language syntax and semantics. |
| C– (C minus minus) | C– is a programming language that serves as an intermediate representation for compiler development. It provides a simple syntax and is designed to be easy to translate to machine code or other higher-level languages. |
| C++ (C plus plus) – ISO/IEC 14882 | C++ is an extension of the C programming language with additional features for object-oriented programming. It provides classes, inheritance, templates, and other features for building complex software systems. The ISO/IEC 14882 standard specifies the language syntax and semantics. |
| C* | C* (C Star) is a programming language developed at Oracle Labs. It is designed for developing high-performance systems software and provides features for low-level control and efficient memory management. |
| C# (C sharp) – ISO/IEC 23270 | C# is a modern, general-purpose programming language developed by Microsoft. It combines features of C++ and Java and is designed for developing software for the Microsoft .NET framework. The ISO/IEC 23270 standard specifies the language syntax and semantics. |
| C/AL | C/AL (C/SIDE – C/AL Integrated Development Environment) is a programming language used in Microsoft Dynamics NAV (formerly Navision) ERP system. It provides a way to customize and extend the functionality of the ERP system. |
| Caché ObjectScript | Caché ObjectScript is a programming language used in InterSystems Caché database system. It provides a way to manipulate and retrieve data from the database and develop business logic. |
| C Shell (csh) | C Shell, often referred to as csh, is a command-line shell and scripting language for Unix-like operating systems. It provides a C-like syntax and features for interactive use and scripting. |
| Caml | Caml is a family of programming languages, including OCaml and Standard ML, designed for functional and imperative programming. OCaml is the most widely used variant and provides advanced type inference and pattern matching. |
| Carbon | Carbon is a programming language used in the Carbon development environment for creating Macintosh software. It provides APIs and libraries for building applications compatible with the classic Mac OS. |
| Catrobat | Catrobat is a visual programming language and framework for creating mobile apps and games. It is primarily used for educational purposes and provides a beginner-friendly interface for programming on mobile devices. |
| Cayenne (Lennart Augustsson) | Cayenne is a programming language developed by Lennart Augustsson. It is a functional programming language with lazy evaluation and provides a flexible type system and powerful abstractions for functional programming. |
| CDuce | CDuce is a functional programming language that combines features from ML and XML processing. It provides advanced type checking and pattern matching capabilities for working with XML data. |
| Cecil | Cecil is an object-oriented programming language developed at the University of Washington. It provides features for reflection, dynamic method dispatch, and advanced memory management. Cecil is primarily used for research and experimentation in language design. |
| CESIL (Computer Education in Schools Instruction Language) | CESIL is a high-level programming language designed for teaching computer programming in schools. It provides a simple syntax and features for learning basic programming concepts. |
| Céu | Céu is a reactive programming language and execution environment for developing concurrent and reactive applications. It provides a structured and synchronous approach to programming with a focus on safety and reliability. |
| Ceylon | Ceylon is a modern, statically typed programming language developed by Red Hat. It aims to provide a productive and readable language for building large-scale applications on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and JavaScript runtimes. |
| CFEngine | CFEngine is a configuration management and automation framework. It provides its own declarative programming language for describing and enforcing system configurations and policies. |
| Cg (High-Level Shader/Shading Language [HLSL]) | Cg (short for “C for graphics”) is a high-level shading language developed by NVIDIA. It is used for writing shaders that control the rendering of graphics in real-time applications, such as games and computer graphics simulations. Cg is often used in conjunction with the OpenGL or DirectX graphics APIs. |
| Ch | Ch is an embeddable C/C++ interpreter designed for scripting and extending applications. It provides a way to execute C/C++ code dynamically at runtime, allowing for flexible and interactive programming. |
| Chapel (Cascade High Productivity Language) | Chapel is a parallel programming language developed by Cray Inc. It provides high-level abstractions for expressing parallelism and is designed to simplify the development of high-performance applications on parallel computing architectures. |
| Charm | Charm is a programming language developed for the Jupyter notebook environment. It provides a way to write code and create interactive documents with rich media and visualizations. Charm is particularly suited for data analysis and exploration. |
| CHILL | CHILL is a programming language developed for telecommunications applications. It provides features for real-time and safety-critical systems, including built-in support for error handling and fault tolerance. |
| CHIP-8 | CHIP-8 is a programming language and virtual machine designed for creating simple video games in the 1970s. It provides a simple set of instructions and a virtual machine that can run games on a variety of platforms. |
| ChucK | ChucK is a programming language designed for real-time audio synthesis and music composition. It provides a concise syntax for creating and manipulating sound events and supports concurrent programming for live performance. |
| Cilk (also Cilk++ and Cilk plus) | Cilk is a parallel programming language and runtime system designed for multithreaded and multicore processing. It provides constructs for expressing parallelism and automatic load balancing to optimize performance. |
| Claire | Claire is a programming language and compiler for constraint logic programming. It provides high-level abstractions for solving constraint satisfaction problems and declaratively specifying relationships between variables. |
| Clarion | Clarion is a programming language and development environment for creating database-driven applications. It provides a visual interface and features for rapid application development (RAD) and database management. |
| Clean | Clean is a functional programming language that emphasizes purity and strong static typing. It provides features for automatic memory management, strict evaluation, and support for high-level abstractions. Clean is primarily used in academic and research settings. |
| Clipper | Clipper is a programming language and database development system for creating xBase-compatible applications. It provides a way to build database-driven applications with support for file handling, indexing, and report generation. |
| CLIPS | CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System) is a rule-based programming language and expert system shell. It provides a way to represent and reason about knowledge using production rules and backward chaining. CLIPS is often used in the development of expert systems and artificial intelligence applications. |
| CLIST | CLIST (Command List) is a scripting language used in IBM mainframe operating systems, such as z/OS. It provides a way to write scripts that automate tasks and interact with the operating system environment. |
| Clojure | Clojure is a modern Lisp dialect that runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It combines the expressive power of Lisp with the performance and ecosystem of Java. Clojure emphasizes immutability and functional programming, and it provides seamless Java interop. |
| CLU | CLU is a programming language designed for writing large-scale software systems. It provides features for data abstraction, parameterized types, and exception handling. CLU influenced the design of subsequent programming languages, such as Modula-3 and Java. |
| CMS-2 | CMS-2 (Conversational Monitor System) is a high-level programming language used on IBM mainframe computers. It provides features for system programming and application development within the CMS operating system environment. |
| COBOL – ISO/IEC 1989 | COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) is a programming language designed for business applications. It provides features for data processing, file handling, and business-oriented operations. The ISO/IEC 1989 standard specifies the language syntax and semantics. |
| CobolScript – COBOL Scripting language | CobolScript is a scripting language that combines elements of COBOL with a simplified syntax. It allows COBOL-like programs to be written in a more concise and script-friendly manner. |
| Cobra | Cobra is a general-purpose programming language that combines features from Python, C#, and Objective-C. It aims to provide a balance between simplicity and power and promotes readability and developer productivity. |
| CoffeeScript | CoffeeScript is a programming language that compiles to JavaScript. It provides a simpler and more expressive syntax while maintaining compatibility with JavaScript. CoffeeScript is often used to improve JavaScript code readability and reduce boilerplate. |
| ColdFusion | ColdFusion is a web development platform that includes a programming language called CFML (ColdFusion Markup Language). CFML provides a way to build dynamic web applications with support for database integration, session management, and rapid development. |
| COMAL | COMAL is a programming language designed for educational purposes and general-purpose programming. It provides a simple syntax and features for teaching programming concepts and algorithmic problem-solving. |
| COMIT | COMIT (COMmmon Intermediate Language) is a high-level programming language and compiler intermediate representation. It provides a common format for representing programs during compilation and allows for language-independent optimizations. |
| Common Intermediate Language (CIL) | Common Intermediate Language (CIL) is a low-level programming language used by the .NET Framework. It serves as an intermediate representation for compiling source code in various .NET languages into executable code. |
| Common Lisp (also known as CL) | Common Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language and one of the most popular Lisp variants. It provides a rich set of features for functional programming, object-oriented programming, and metaprogramming. Common Lisp has a large ecosystem and is widely used in artificial intelligence and research communities. |
| COMPASS | COMPASS (COMPrehensive ASSembler) is an assembly language used for programming IBM mainframe computers. It provides a way to write low-level instructions and control the hardware resources of the system. |
| Component Pascal | Component Pascal is a programming language based on Pascal. It provides features for modular programming, object-oriented programming, and component-based software development. Component Pascal is often used in educational settings and for building graphical user interfaces. |
| COMTRAN | COMTRAN (COMmercial TRANslator) is a programming language used for developing commercial applications on IBM mainframe computers. It provides features for data processing, file handling, and business-oriented operations. |
| Concurrent Pascal | Concurrent Pascal is a programming language designed for concurrent programming. It provides language-level abstractions for expressing concurrent processes, synchronization, and communication between processes. |
| Constraint Handling Rules (CHR) | Constraint Handling Rules (CHR) is a declarative programming language and constraint-solving system. It provides a way to express constraints and rules for solving constraint satisfaction problems. CHR is often used in constraint programming and artificial intelligence applications. |
| Control Language | Control Language (CL) is a scripting language used on IBM midrange systems, such as IBM i (formerly known as AS/400). It provides a way to write scripts that automate tasks and interact with the operating system and applications. |
| Coq | Coq is a proof assistant and programming language used for formal verification of software and mathematical proofs. It provides features for writing and checking formal proofs and supports both interactive and automated theorem proving. Coq is widely used in academia and industry for ensuring software correctness. |
| CORAL, Coral 66 | CORAL (COmmon Reusable ALgorithmic language) is a programming language designed for scientific and engineering applications. Coral 66 is a variant of CORAL that conforms to a specific set of language standards. |
| CorVision | CorVision is a visual programming language and framework for building robot control systems. It provides a graphical interface for designing robot behavior and integrates with various robot platforms and simulators. |
| COWSEL | COWSEL (COmmon Writing System for Earth Language) is a programming language and compiler designed for natural language processing and text processing tasks. It provides a way to write programs that analyze and manipulate textual data. |
| CPL | CPL (Combined Programming Language) is a high-level programming language developed in the 1960s. It influenced the design of subsequent programming languages, such as BCPL and B. CPL aimed to provide a universal language for a wide range of applications. |
| Cryptol | Cryptol is a domain-specific programming language used for cryptographic algorithm design and analysis. It provides a way to express cryptographic specifications and perform formal verification of cryptographic systems. Cryptol is often used in security and cryptography research. |
| Crystal | Crystal is a statically typed programming language with a syntax inspired by Ruby. It aims to combine the performance of a compiled language with the expressiveness and readability of Ruby. Crystal can interoperate with existing C libraries and has a growing ecosystem. |
| Csound | Csound is a programming language and software synthesis system for creating electronic music and sound design. It provides a way to write programs that generate and manipulate sound waves and signals. Csound is widely used in music production and computer-aided composition. |
| Cuneiform | Cuneiform is a functional programming language and data analysis platform. It provides a high-level, declarative syntax for expressing data transformations and analytics workflows. Cuneiform can execute tasks in parallel and integrates with various data processing systems. |
| Curl | Curl is a domain-specific language and runtime environment for building rich internet applications (RIAs). It provides features for client-side web development, including UI layout, data binding, and network communication. Curl programs are executed within a standalone runtime environment. |
| Curry | Curry is a functional programming language that combines features from Haskell and logic programming. It provides lazy evaluation, higher-order functions, and built-in support for logic programming constructs, such as non-determinism and constraint solving. |
| Cybil | Cybil is a programming language and framework for building hybrid mobile applications. It combines HTML5, CSS, and JavaScript with a native runtime to create cross-platform mobile apps with access to device features and APIs. |
| Cyclone | Cyclone is a systems programming language that extends C with features for safe and efficient memory management. It aims to provide the expressiveness of C while eliminating common programming errors, such as buffer overflows and memory leaks. |
| Cypher Query Language | Cypher is a query language used for querying graph databases, such as Neo4j. It provides a way to express graph patterns and perform graph traversal and manipulation operations. Cypher is designed to be human-readable and expressive for working with connected data. |
| Cython | Cython is a programming language and compiler that combines features of Python and C. It allows Python code to be compiled to C extensions, providing improved performance and integration with existing C or C++ codebases. Cython supports optional static typing for performance optimization. |
| CEEMAC | CEEMAC (Civil Engineering Education and Maintenance of Competence) is a programming language used in civil engineering applications. It provides features for modeling and simulating civil engineering structures and analyzing data. |
| D (also known as dlang) | D is a general-purpose programming language that aims to combine the performance of C and C++ with the expressiveness of modern programming languages. It provides features for systems programming, high-level abstractions, and metaprogramming. |
| Dart | Dart is a programming language developed by Google. It is designed for building web, mobile, and desktop applications with high performance and productivity. Dart can be compiled to JavaScript or run on the Dart Virtual Machine for improved performance. |
| Darwin | Darwin is a programming language and runtime environment for developing distributed systems. It provides features for message passing, fault tolerance, and dynamic reconfiguration of distributed components. Darwin is often used for building scalable and fault-tolerant applications. |
| DataFlex | DataFlex is a programming language and development environment for creating business applications. It provides features for data management, user interface design, and database integration. DataFlex supports both desktop and web application development. |
| Datalog | Datalog is a declarative programming language used for database query and rule-based programming. It provides a way to express logical relationships and perform deductive reasoning on databases. Datalog is often used in the field of database management and knowledge representation. |
| DATATRIEVE | DATATRIEVE is a programming language used for querying and manipulating databases in the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX/VMS environment. It provides a way to access and modify data stored in DEC databases. |
| dBase | dBase is a programming language and database management system. It provides features for data storage, retrieval, and manipulation, and supports a subset of the SQL query language. dBase is often used for building simple desktop database applications. |
| dc | dc is a stack-based programming language and calculator. It provides a simple syntax for performing arithmetic calculations and manipulating the stack. dc is often used as a command-line calculator in Unix-like operating systems. |
| DCL (DIGITAL Command Language) | DCL is a command language used in the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX/VMS operating system. It provides a way to interact with the operating system environment and perform system tasks. |
| Delphi | Delphi is a programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) for building Windows applications. It combines object-oriented programming with visual design tools and supports rapid application development (RAD). Delphi is often used for building desktop and database applications. |
| DIBOL | DIBOL (Digital Business Oriented Language) is a programming language designed for business applications and data processing. It provides features for file handling, data manipulation, and business-oriented operations. |
| DinkC | DinkC is a scripting language used in the Dink Smallwood video game engine. It provides a simple syntax for defining game behavior and interactions. DinkC is primarily used by game developers for creating custom game content. |
| Dog | Dog is a programming language and runtime environment for building scalable and fault-tolerant distributed systems. It provides features for message passing, fault tolerance, and dynamic reconfiguration of distributed components. Dog is often used in the field of distributed computing and cloud computing. |
| Draco | Draco is a programming language and compiler infrastructure for building domain-specific languages (DSLs). It provides features for language definition, syntax analysis, and code generation. Draco simplifies the process of creating DSLs and provides a framework for building language tools. |
| DRAKON | DRAKON is a visual programming language and methodology designed for developing software systems. It uses graphical symbols to represent program logic and control flow, making it easy to understand and communicate program design. DRAKON is often used in safety-critical and high-reliability systems. |
| Dylan | Dylan is a general-purpose programming language developed by Apple and others. It combines features from Lisp, Smalltalk, and CLOS (Common Lisp Object System) and provides a flexible syntax and powerful abstractions for software development. Dylan emphasizes simplicity, expressiveness, and productivity. |
| DYNAMO | DYNAMO is a programming language used for modeling and simulation of complex systems. It provides features for defining dynamic relationships between variables and performing time-dependent calculations. DYNAMO is often used in the field of system dynamics and operations research. |
| DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) | DAX is a formula language used in Microsoft Power BI and Microsoft Analysis Services. It provides a way to express calculations and aggregations on data models. DAX is particularly suited for business intelligence and data analysis applications. |
| Ease | Ease is a programming language and development environment for building industrial automation and control systems. It provides features for programming and configuring programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and human-machine interfaces (HMIs). Ease supports ladder logic, structured text, and function block diagram programming languages. |
| Easy PL/I | Easy PL/I is a programming language based on IBM PL/I. It provides a simplified syntax and features for procedural programming, data processing, and business-oriented operations. Easy PL/I is often used in educational settings and for learning programming concepts. |
| EASYTRIEVE PLUS | EASYTRIEVE PLUS is a programming language and report generator used for data retrieval and report generation. It provides features for querying databases, defining report layouts, and generating formatted output. EASYTRIEVE PLUS is often used in mainframe environments for data processing and reporting. |
| eC | eC is a programming language and runtime system for embedded systems and resource-constrained environments. It provides a subset of the C language with additional features for memory management, event-driven programming, and real-time operations. eC is designed to be compact and efficient. |
| ECMAScript | ECMAScript is the standardized specification of the JavaScript programming language. It defines the syntax, semantics, and behavior of JavaScript, allowing for interoperability across different JavaScript implementations. ECMAScript is widely used for web development and runs in web browsers and other JavaScript runtime environments. |
| Edinburgh IMP | Edinburgh IMP is a programming language and compiler system developed at the University of Edinburgh. It provides a way to write and execute programs for symbolic and algebraic computation. Edinburgh IMP is often used in scientific and mathematical applications. |
| EGL | EGL (Enterprise Generation Language) is a programming language and development framework for building enterprise applications. It provides features for developing and deploying applications across multiple platforms, including web, mobile, and desktop. EGL simplifies the development process by providing a unified model for building multi-tiered applications. |
| Eiffel | Eiffel is a programming language developed by Bertrand Meyer. It emphasizes software quality, reliability, and maintainability through a combination of strong typing, contract-based programming, and automatic testing. Eiffel is often used for building large-scale software systems that require high levels of reliability and maintainability. |
| ELAN | ELAN is a programming language and environment for creating linguistic annotations and analyzing annotated data. It provides a set of tools for working with linguistic corpora and performing complex linguistic analyses. ELAN is widely used in the field of linguistics and language research. |
| Elixir | Elixir is a functional, concurrent, and fault-tolerant programming language that runs on the Erlang virtual machine. It provides a simple and expressive syntax for building scalable and distributed applications. Elixir is often used for building web applications, real-time systems, and distributed systems. |
| Elm | Elm is a functional programming language used for developing web applications. It compiles to JavaScript and provides strong type inference, immutability by default, and a virtual DOM for efficient UI updates. Elm is known for its focus on simplicity, reliability, and maintainability. |
| Emacs Lisp | Emacs Lisp is a programming language used for extending and customizing the Emacs text editor. It provides features for writing macros, defining commands, and interacting with the editor’s internal functionality. Emacs Lisp is often used by Emacs power users to tailor the editor to their specific needs. |
| Emerald | Emerald is a programming language and system for distributed computing. It provides features for developing concurrent and distributed applications, including transparent remote procedure calls (RPC) and object-oriented programming abstractions. Emerald is often used in the field of distributed systems and parallel computing. |
| Epigram | Epigram is a dependently typed functional programming language. It allows types to depend on values and provides powerful type inference and verification capabilities. Epigram is often used in research and formal verification of software systems. |
| EPL (Easy Programming Language) | EPL is a programming language designed for teaching programming concepts to beginners. It provides a simple syntax and features for basic programming tasks, such as input/output operations and control flow. EPL is often used in educational settings and introductory programming courses. |
| Erlang | Erlang is a functional programming language developed by Ericsson. It is designed for building highly concurrent and fault-tolerant systems, particularly telecom and real-time applications. Erlang provides lightweight processes, message-passing concurrency, and built-in support for distributed computing. |
| es | es is a programming language and runtime environment for building event-driven, reactive systems. It provides a declarative syntax for defining event-driven behaviors and supports concurrency, modularity, and compositionality. es is often used for building event-driven applications, such as graphical user interfaces and interactive simulations. |
| Escher | Escher is a programming language and system for creating complex graphical user interfaces. It provides a high-level declarative syntax for defining user interfaces, including layout, interaction, and animation. Escher is often used in the field of interactive graphics and user interface design. |
| ESPOL | ESPOL is a programming language used for scientific and engineering computations. It provides features for numerical analysis, matrix manipulation, and mathematical modeling. ESPOL is often used in the field of scientific computing and simulation. |
| Esterel | Esterel is a synchronous programming language and framework for developing real-time and safety-critical systems. It provides a formal model of computation and features for expressing concurrent and reactive behaviors. Esterel is often used in the field of embedded systems and critical control systems. |
| Etoys | Etoys is a programming language and educational software platform. It provides a visual and interactive environment for learning programming concepts and creating multimedia applications. Etoys is often used in educational settings to introduce children to programming and digital creativity. |
| Euclid | Euclid is a programming language used for teaching computer science and algorithmic problem-solving. It provides a simple syntax and features for learning basic programming concepts, such as conditionals, loops, and functions. Euclid is often used in introductory programming courses. |
| Euler | Euler is a programming language and environment for creating interactive visualizations and simulations. It provides a high-level syntax for expressing mathematical and computational models and supports interactive exploration of data and algorithms. Euler is often used in the field of computational mathematics and scientific visualization. |
| Euphoria | Euphoria is a programming language designed for simplicity and ease of use. It provides a straightforward syntax and features for rapid application development. Euphoria is often used for creating small to medium-sized applications, utilities, and games. |
| EusLisp Robot Programming Language | EusLisp is a programming language and runtime system for robot programming. It provides features for robot motion planning, sensor integration, and task execution. EusLisp is often used in the field of robotics research and development. |
| CMS EXEC (EXEC) | CMS EXEC is a command language used in the IBM VM/CMS operating system. It provides a way to interact with the operating system environment and perform system tasks. CMS EXEC is often used in mainframe computing environments. |
| EXEC 2 | EXEC 2 is a high-level programming language used on IBM mainframe computers. It provides features for data processing, file handling, and business-oriented operations. EXEC 2 is often used in business application development and transaction processing. |
| Executable UML | Executable UML is a modeling language and methodology based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It provides a way to specify and execute system designs using a combination of UML diagrams and executable code. Executable UML supports code generation and model-driven development. |
| Ezhil | Ezhil is a programming language and development environment for creating Tamil language-based applications. It provides features for Tamil text processing, user interface design, and software localization. Ezhil is often used in the Tamil-speaking regions of India. |
| F# (F sharp) | F# is a functional-first programming language developed by Microsoft. It combines functional programming with the power of the .NET platform. F# provides a concise syntax, strong type inference, and interoperability with other .NET languages. It is often used for web development, data analysis, and parallel programming. |
| F* | F* is a programming language and verification framework used for formal verification of software systems. It provides features for expressing program specifications, writing proofs, and performing static analysis. F* is often used in the field of program verification and security research. |
| Factor | Factor is a concatenative programming language and stack-based execution environment. It provides a unique approach to programming by combining function composition, stack manipulation, and metaprogramming. Factor is often used for developing applications that require high performance and concise code. |
| Fantom | Fantom is a general-purpose programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR). It provides a combination of static and dynamic typing, interoperability with Java and C#, and a clean and expressive syntax. Fantom is often used for cross-platform development and web application programming. |
| FAUST | FAUST (Functional AUdio STream) is a programming language and framework for audio signal processing. It provides a high-level, functional programming model for designing and implementing audio processing algorithms. FAUST is often used in the field of digital audio processing and music technology. |
| FFP | FFP (Formal File Processor) is a programming language and runtime system for batch file processing. It provides features for defining file formats, performing data transformations, and generating reports. FFP is often used in data conversion and data processing applications. |
| fish | fish is a command-line shell and scripting language designed for interactive use. It provides a user-friendly and intuitive syntax, interactive auto-completion, and powerful scripting capabilities. fish is often used as an alternative to other Unix shell languages, such as Bash or Zsh. |
| Fjölnir | Fjölnir is a programming language and compiler designed for educational purposes. It provides a simplified syntax and features for learning programming concepts and algorithmic problem-solving. Fjölnir is often used in introductory programming courses. |
| FL | FL (Function Level) is a functional programming language and compiler developed at the University of Edinburgh. It provides a simple syntax and features for functional programming, recursion, and higher-order functions. FL is often used for teaching functional programming concepts. |
| Flavors | Flavors is an object-oriented programming language and extension of Lisp. It provides features for object-oriented programming, including classes, inheritance, and dynamic method dispatch. Flavors influenced the design of later object-oriented programming languages, such as CLOS (Common Lisp Object System). |
| Flex | Flex is a programming language and runtime system for building flexible manufacturing systems. It provides features for modeling and simulating manufacturing processes, coordinating robot movements, and optimizing production schedules. Flex is often used in the field of industrial automation and manufacturing. |
| Flix | Flix is a functional programming language and runtime system for dataflow programming. It provides a declarative syntax for expressing dataflow computations and supports automatic parallel execution. Flix is often used in the field of concurrent and distributed systems. |
| FlooP | FlooP (Flexible Object-Oriented Programming language) is an object-oriented programming language designed for educational purposes. It provides a simple syntax and features for teaching basic programming concepts, such as variables, loops, and functions. FlooP is often used in introductory programming courses. |
| FLOW-MATIC (B0) | FLOW-MATIC (also known as B0) is one of the earliest high-level programming languages. It was developed in the late 1950s and aimed to simplify business data processing tasks. FLOW-MATIC influenced the design of subsequent programming languages, such as COBOL. |
| FOCAL (Formulating On-Line Calculations in Algebraic Language/FOrmula CALculator) | FOCAL is a programming language developed for early Hewlett-Packard (HP) calculators. It provides features for performing mathematical calculations, data manipulation, and simple programming tasks. FOCAL was widely used in the 1970s and 1980s for scientific and engineering calculations. |
| FOCUS | FOCUS (Fourth-generation Computer System) is a programming language and database management system. It provides features for data manipulation, reporting, and query processing. FOCUS is often used in the field of business intelligence and data analysis. |
| FOIL | FOIL (First-order Inductive Learner) is a programming language and machine learning system for inductive logic programming. It provides features for learning first-order logical rules from examples and performing automated knowledge discovery. FOIL is often used in the field of machine learning and artificial intelligence. |
| FORMAC (FORMula MAnipulation Compiler) | FORMAC is a programming language and compiler used for symbolic mathematics and formula manipulation. It provides features for symbolic algebraic computations, differentiation, integration, and equation solving. FORMAC is often used in the field of mathematical modeling and scientific computing. |
| @Formula | @Formula is a formula language used in IBM Lotus Notes and Domino. It provides a way to define calculations and formulas for manipulating data and generating dynamic content in Lotus Notes applications. |
| Forth | Forth is a stack-based programming language and environment. It provides a simple and efficient syntax for writing low-level and system-level software. Forth is often used in embedded systems, real-time control applications, and bootstrapping programming environments. |
| Fortran – ISO/IEC 1539 | Fortran is one of the oldest programming languages and is widely used in scientific and numerical computing. It provides features for numerical computations, array processing, and mathematical modeling. Fortran has evolved over the years, and the current ISO/IEC 1539 standard specifies the language syntax and features. |
| Fortress | Fortress is a programming language and runtime system developed by Oracle Laboratories. It was designed for high-performance computing and scientific computing applications. Fortress provides features for parallel programming, high-level abstractions, and mathematical modeling. |
| FP | FP (Functional Programming) is a programming language and paradigm that emphasizes the use of pure functions and immutable data. It provides a way to write programs that avoid side effects and rely on function composition and recursion. FP influenced the design of subsequent functional programming languages, such as Haskell. |
| FoxBase/FoxPro | FoxBase and FoxPro are programming languages and database management systems. They provide features for data storage, retrieval, and manipulation, as well as programming constructs for building database-driven applications. FoxBase and FoxPro are often used for developing desktop database applications. |
| Franz Lisp | Franz Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language developed by Franz Inc. It provides a wide range of features for symbolic computation, artificial intelligence, and software development. Franz Lisp is often used in the field of artificial intelligence research and development. |
| Futhark | Futhark is a programming language and compiler for data-parallel programming. It provides a high-level, purely functional syntax for expressing parallel computations on large-scale data sets. Futhark is often used in the field of GPU computing and high-performance computing. |
| F-Script | F-Script is a dynamically typed, object-oriented programming language that extends the syntax and capabilities of Objective-C. It provides a concise and expressive syntax for interacting with objects and performing dynamic introspection. F-Script is often used for scripting, rapid prototyping, and interactive exploration of Objective-C-based systems. |
| Game Maker Language | Game Maker Language (GML) is a scripting language used in the GameMaker Studio game development environment. It provides a way to define game behavior, create interactive elements, and control game logic. GML is often used by game developers for creating custom game mechanics and behaviors. |
| GameMonkey Script | GameMonkey Script (GMScript) is a lightweight scripting language used for game development. It provides a simple and efficient syntax for defining game logic, scripting AI behaviors, and managing game data. GMScript is often used in game engines and frameworks for adding scripting capabilities to games. |
| General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) | GAMS is a high-level modeling language and system for mathematical optimization. It provides a way to formulate and solve large-scale optimization problems, such as linear programming, nonlinear programming, and mixed-integer programming. GAMS is often used in the field of operations research and mathematical modeling. |
| G-code | G-code is a programming language used in computer numerical control (CNC) machining. It provides a way to define instructions and commands for controlling CNC machines, such as milling machines and 3D printers. G-code is often used in manufacturing and rapid prototyping processes. |
| GDScript (Godot) | GDScript is a scripting language used in the Godot game engine. It provides a simple and flexible syntax for defining game behavior, scripting interactive elements, and controlling game logic. GDScript is often used by game developers for creating custom game mechanics and behaviors. |
| Genie | Genie is a programming language and compiler based on the D programming language. It provides a cleaner and more expressive syntax while retaining compatibility with the D language. Genie is often used for developing desktop and web applications. |
| Geometric Description Language (GDL) | GDL is a programming language used in the ArchiCAD architectural design software. It provides a way to define geometric elements, manipulate 3D models, and automate design processes. GDL is often used by architects and designers for creating custom parametric objects and components. |
| GEORGE | GEORGE is a programming language and system for mathematical computation and symbolic manipulation. It provides a way to perform complex mathematical operations, solve equations, and manipulate symbolic expressions. GEORGE is often used in the field of mathematical research and education. |
| OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL) | GLSL is a high-level shading language used in OpenGL and OpenGL ES for writing shaders. It provides a way to define custom vertex and fragment shaders to control the rendering pipeline and achieve advanced graphics effects. GLSL is often used in computer graphics and game development. |
| GNU E | GNU E (GNU Emacs Lisp) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used in the GNU Emacs text editor. It provides a way to extend and customize Emacs by writing Lisp code. GNU E is often used by Emacs users to enhance the functionality and behavior of the editor. |
| GNU Ubiquitous Intelligent Language for Extensions (GNU Guile) | GNU Guile is a programming language and runtime system designed for embedding and extending applications. It provides a flexible and extensible environment for scripting, extension development, and customizing application behavior. GNU Guile is often used in the GNU project and as an embedded scripting language in various applications. |
| Go | Go, also known as Golang, is a programming language developed by Google. It combines the simplicity and readability of a procedural language with the efficiency and safety of a compiled language. Go provides features for concurrent programming, garbage collection, and fast compilation. It is often used for building scalable and high-performance software systems. |
| Go! | Go! is a programming language and development environment designed for educational purposes. It provides a simplified syntax and features for teaching programming concepts to beginners. Go! is often used in introductory programming courses and educational settings. |
| Game Oriented Assembly Lisp (GOAL) | GOAL is a high-level programming language and development environment used for game development on the PlayStation 2 console. It provides features for game scripting, resource management, and low-level system access. GOAL is often used by game developers for creating PlayStation 2 games. |
| Gödel | Gödel is a programming language and theorem prover used for formalizing and verifying mathematical proofs. It provides features for expressing mathematical logic, axioms, and formal proof construction. Gödel is often used in the field of mathematical logic and formal verification. |
| Golo | Golo is a lightweight dynamic programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It provides a concise and expressive syntax for writing code and supports dynamic typing, functional programming, and metaprogramming. Golo is often used for scripting, prototyping, and building small to medium-sized applications. |
| Good Old Mad (GOM) | Good Old Mad (GOM) is a programming language and development environment designed for teaching programming concepts to beginners. It provides a simplified syntax and features for learning basic programming principles, such as variables, loops, and functions. GOM is often used in introductory programming courses and educational settings. |
| Google Apps Script | Google Apps Script is a scripting language used for extending and customizing Google Workspace applications, such as Google Sheets, Docs, and Forms. It provides features for automating tasks, integrating with external services, and enhancing the functionality of Google Workspace. |
| Gosu | Gosu is a statically typed programming language developed by Guidewire Software. It combines features from multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, functional, and scripting languages. Gosu provides a clean and expressive syntax and is often used for developing enterprise applications and insurance software. |
| GOTRAN (IBM 1620) | GOTRAN is a programming language developed for the IBM 1620 computer. It provided a way to write and execute programs on the IBM 1620 system. GOTRAN was used in the 1960s and 1970s for scientific and engineering computations. |
| General Purpose Simulation System (GPSS) | GPSS is a programming language and simulation system used for discrete event simulation. It provides features for modeling and simulating complex systems and analyzing their behavior over time. GPSS is often used in the field of operations research, manufacturing, and logistics. |
| Grass | Grass is a programming language and system for geographic information system (GIS) analysis and mapping. It provides features for processing spatial data, performing spatial analysis, and creating maps. Grass is often used in the field of geospatial analysis and environmental modeling. |
| Grasshopper | Grasshopper is a visual programming language and plugin for the Rhinoceros 3D modeling software. It provides a graphical interface for creating and manipulating parametric designs and generative algorithms. Grasshopper is often used in architecture, industrial design, and computational design. |
| Groovy (by Apache) | Groovy is a dynamic programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It provides a concise and expressive syntax, seamless Java integration, and powerful metaprogramming capabilities. Groovy is often used as a scripting language, for building domain-specific languages (DSLs), and as a general-purpose programming language. |
| Hack | Hack is a programming language developed by Facebook. It is a statically typed language that builds on the PHP programming language, providing additional features such as type annotations, generics, and improved tooling. Hack is often used for developing large-scale web applications and improving the reliability and performance of PHP codebases. |
| HAGGIS | HAGGIS is a programming language and system for natural language understanding and generation. It provides features for processing natural language inputs, extracting meaning, and generating natural language responses. HAGGIS is often used in the field of natural language processing and chatbot development. |
| HAL/S | HAL/S (High-order Assembly Language/Shuttle) is a high-level programming language used for embedded systems development, particularly in the aerospace industry. It provides features for real-time control, hardware interfacing, and low-level system programming. HAL/S is often used in the development of spacecraft and avionics systems. |
| Halide (programming language) | Halide is a programming language and compiler for image processing and computational photography. It provides a way to express complex image processing algorithms and optimize them for different hardware targets. Halide is often used in the field of computer vision and image processing research. |
| Hamilton C shell | Hamilton C shell is a command-line shell and scripting language developed for the Windows operating system. It provides a rich set of features for system administration, automation, and interactive command-line operations. Hamilton C shell combines elements of the C programming language with the traditional Unix shell syntax. |
| Harbour | Harbour is a portable and open-source implementation of the Clipper programming language. It provides a high-level, procedural language and database management system. Harbour is often used for developing database-driven applications, particularly in the field of business software. |
| Hartmann pipelines | Hartmann pipelines are a domain-specific language and framework for specifying and executing data processing pipelines. They provide a declarative syntax for defining data transformations, aggregations, and filters. Hartmann pipelines are often used in the field of data integration and ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) processes. |
| Haskell | Haskell is a purely functional programming language with strong static typing and lazy evaluation. It provides a rich set of features for functional programming, type inference, and software correctness. Haskell is often used in the field of functional programming research, academic studies, and production software development. |
| Haxe | Haxe is a high-level programming language and cross-platform toolkit. It provides a way to write code once and target multiple platforms, such as JavaScript, ActionScript, C++, and more. Haxe is often used for developing cross-platform applications, games, and interactive multimedia. |
| Hermes | Hermes is a JavaScript engine developed by Facebook. It is designed for running JavaScript applications on mobile devices with limited resources. Hermes provides features for optimizing memory usage and improving runtime performance. It is often used in mobile app development with React Native. |
| High Level Assembly (HLA) | High Level Assembly (HLA) is a high-level programming language that combines assembly language programming with high-level language constructs. It provides a way to write low-level, efficient code while still benefiting from high-level language features. HLA is often used for systems programming and low-level software development. |
| High Level Shader Language (HLSL) | HLSL is a programming language used in DirectX for writing shaders. It provides a way to define custom vertex and pixel shaders to control the rendering pipeline and achieve advanced graphics effects. HLSL is often used in game development and computer graphics programming. |
| Hollywood | Hollywood is a programming language and multimedia-oriented development environment. It provides features for creating interactive multimedia applications, games, and demos. Hollywood is often used in the field of multimedia production, cross-platform software development, and retro-styled games. |
| HolyC (TempleOS) | HolyC is a programming language used in TempleOS, an operating system developed by Terry A. Davis. It provides a way to write low-level system code directly in the HolyC environment. HolyC is often used in TempleOS for building system components and exploring programming concepts. |
| Hop | Hop is a programming language and environment for web development. It provides a way to build web applications using a combination of static and dynamic typing, and a clean and concise syntax. Hop is often used for developing web applications with a focus on scalability and performance. |
| Hopscotch | Hopscotch is a visual programming language and development environment designed for teaching programming concepts to children. It provides a drag-and-drop interface for creating interactive animations, games, and stories. Hopscotch is often used in educational settings and for introducing programming to young learners. |
| Hope | Hope is a programming language and system used for concurrent and parallel programming. It provides features for expressing concurrent processes, message passing, and synchronization. Hope is often used in the field of parallel computing and distributed systems. |
| Hume | Hume is a programming language and development environment used for creating intelligent systems. It provides features for knowledge representation, inference, and rule-based programming. Hume is often used in the field of artificial intelligence research and expert systems development. |
| HyperTalk | HyperTalk is a programming language and scripting system used in the HyperCard multimedia authoring environment. It provides a way to create interactive stacks, handle user events, and manipulate multimedia elements. HyperTalk is often used in the development of multimedia applications and educational software. |
| Hy | Hy is a dialect of the Lisp programming language that runs on the Python virtual machine. It provides a way to write Lisp code using Python syntax and seamlessly interoperate with Python libraries. Hy is often used for scripting, rapid prototyping, and extending Python applications with Lisp-like features. |
| Io | Io is a small, prototype-based programming language. It provides a minimalist syntax and features for object-oriented programming, concurrency, and dynamic typing. Io is often used as an embeddable scripting language and for exploring language design concepts. |
| Icon | Icon is a high-level programming language that combines features from procedural, functional, and logic programming paradigms. It provides a way to express algorithms concisely and efficiently. Icon is often used for string processing, symbolic computation, and rapid prototyping. |
| IBM Basic assembly language | IBM Basic assembly language is a low-level assembly language used for programming IBM mainframe computers. It provides a way to write machine-level instructions for performing system-level operations and interacting with hardware devices. IBM Basic assembly language is often used in systems programming and mainframe software development. |
| IBM HAScript | IBM HAScript (High Availability Scripting Language) is a programming language and runtime system used for automating and managing high-availability clusters. It provides features for cluster configuration, service monitoring, and failover management. IBM HAScript is often used in the field of cluster administration and system reliability. |
| IBM Informix-4GL | IBM Informix-4GL (Fourth Generation Language) is a programming language and development environment used for rapid application development. It provides features for database access, user interface design, and report generation. IBM Informix-4GL is often used in the development of business applications and data-driven software systems. |
| IBM RPG | IBM RPG (Report Program Generator) is a programming language and development environment used for business application development on IBM midrange systems, such as the AS/400 and IBM i. It provides features for database access, report generation, and business logic implementation. IBM RPG is often used in the development of business software and enterprise systems. |
| IDL | IDL (Interactive Data Language) is a programming language used in scientific and data analysis applications. It provides features for data visualization, analysis, and modeling. IDL is often used in the field of astronomy, remote sensing, and data exploration. |
| Idris | Idris is a general-purpose functional programming language with dependent types. It provides features for static verification of program correctness and expressive type-level computations. Idris is often used in the field of formal verification, dependently typed programming, and theorem proving. |
| Inform | Inform is a programming language and development system used for creating interactive fiction and text-based adventure games. It provides a way to define game worlds, characters, and interactive elements using a natural language-like syntax. Inform is often used by game developers and interactive fiction enthusiasts. |
| ISLISP | ISLISP (ISO/IEC 13816) is a programming language based on the Lisp family of languages. It provides a standardized syntax and features for Lisp-like programming. ISLISP is often used in the field of artificial intelligence research, symbolic computation, and programming language development. |
| J# (J sharp) | J# (J sharp) is a programming language developed by Microsoft. It is a Java-like language that provides features for interoperability with the Java platform. J# is often used for migrating Java applications to the .NET platform and integrating Java and .NET codebases. |
| J++ (J plus plus) | J++ (J plus plus) was a programming language developed by Microsoft as part of its Java development tools. It provided features for Java development within the Microsoft Visual Studio environment. J++ has been superseded by other Microsoft development tools. |
| JADE | JADE (Java Agent DEvelopment Framework) is a framework and programming language for developing multi-agent systems. It provides a way to create intelligent software agents that can interact and collaborate in distributed environments. JADE is often used in the field of agent-based modeling, distributed systems, and intelligent automation. |
| Jai | Jai is a programming language developed by Jonathan Blow for game development. It aims to provide a high-performance, low-level programming language with a focus on simplicity and efficiency. Jai is often used in the development of game engines and performance-critical game systems. |
| JAL | JAL (Just Another Language) is a high-level programming language for embedded systems development. It provides a way to write code for microcontrollers and other resource-constrained devices. JAL is often used in robotics, home automation, and DIY electronics projects. |
| Janus (concurrent constraint programming language) | Janus is a concurrent constraint programming language and system. It provides features for concurrent and distributed programming, constraint solving, and logical inference. Janus is often used in the field of concurrent computing, multi-agent systems, and artificial intelligence. |
| Janus (time-reversible computing programming language) | Janus is a programming language used for time-reversible computing, a computational paradigm that allows computations to be reversed and executed backward in time. Janus provides features for reversible programming and time-reversal debugging. It is often used in the field of reversible computing research and development. |
| JASS | JASS (Just Another Scripting Syntax) is a scripting language used in the Blizzard Entertainment game development tools, particularly for creating custom game scripts in Warcraft III and StarCraft II. JASS is often used by game developers for creating custom game behaviors and scripts. |
| Java | Java is a widely-used, general-purpose programming language developed by Sun Microsystems (now owned by Oracle). It provides a platform-independent runtime environment and a large standard library. Java is often used for developing web applications, desktop software, mobile apps, and enterprise systems. |
| JavaFX Script | JavaFX Script was a programming language used for developing rich Internet applications and user interfaces with JavaFX, a Java-based multimedia platform. JavaFX Script provided a declarative syntax for defining UI components and event handlers. It has been deprecated and is no longer actively developed. |
| JavaScript | JavaScript is a widely-used scripting language primarily used for web development. It provides a way to add interactivity and dynamic behavior to web pages. JavaScript is often used in conjunction with HTML and CSS to create interactive web applications and websites. |
| Jess | Jess (Java Expert System Shell) is a rule-based programming language and development environment used for building expert systems and knowledge-based applications. It provides features for rule-based reasoning, pattern matching, and knowledge representation. Jess is often used in the field of artificial intelligence, expert systems, and decision support systems. |
| JCL | JCL (Job Control Language) is a scripting language used for controlling and submitting batch jobs on mainframe computer systems, such as IBM z/OS. It provides a way to define job steps, dependencies, and execution parameters. JCL is often used in mainframe programming and batch processing environments. |
| JEAN | JEAN is a programming language and development environment designed for teaching programming concepts to beginners. It provides a simple syntax and features for learning basic programming principles, such as variables, loops, and functions. JEAN is often used in introductory programming courses and educational settings. |
| Join Java | Join Java is a concurrent programming language and system that provides features for programming with join patterns and synchronization constraints. It combines ideas from concurrent programming models, such as join calculus and concurrent constraints. Join Java is often used in the field of concurrent programming and parallel computing. |
| JOSS | JOSS (Johnniac Open Shop System) is a programming language and development environment used for scientific computations and data processing. It provides features for numerical computation, matrix operations, and data analysis. JOSS was used in the 1960s and 1970s on the Johnniac computer system. |
| Joule | Joule is a programming language and development environment used for distributed and concurrent programming. It provides features for message passing, concurrency control, and distributed data structures. Joule is often used in the field of distributed systems, sensor networks, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. |
| JOVIAL | JOVIAL (Jules Own Version of the International Algorithmic Language) is a programming language used for real-time, safety-critical systems development. It provides features for high-level system programming, real-time scheduling, and low-level hardware control. JOVIAL is often used in the defense and aerospace industries. |
| Joy | Joy is a stack-based programming language that focuses on composition and concatenation of functions. It provides a minimalist syntax and features for functional programming, combinators, and metaprogramming. Joy is often used for exploring functional programming concepts and as a teaching language. |
| jq | jq is a lightweight and flexible programming language used for processing and transforming JSON data. It provides features for querying and manipulating JSON documents. jq is often used in command-line tools, data pipelines, and web service integrations. |
| JScript | JScript is a scripting language developed by Microsoft. It is a dialect of JavaScript that provides additional features and compatibility with Microsoft technologies, such as Active Server Pages (ASP) and Windows Script Host (WSH). JScript is often used for server-side scripting and automation tasks on Windows platforms. |
| JScript .NET | JScript .NET is a programming language developed by Microsoft for the .NET platform. It is a dialect of JavaScript that provides features for interoperability with the .NET framework and seamless integration with other .NET languages. JScript .NET has been superseded by other Microsoft development tools. |
| Julia | Julia is a high-level programming language and environment designed for numerical and scientific computing. It provides a dynamic type system, high-performance just-in-time (JIT) compilation, and extensive libraries for numerical analysis and data science. Julia is often used in the field of scientific research, data analysis, and machine learning. |
| Jython | Jython is an implementation of the Python programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It provides seamless integration with Java libraries and allows Python code to be executed in Java environments. Jython is often used for scripting, Java integration, and rapid application development. |
| Kaleidoscope | Kaleidoscope is a programming language and LLVM-based compiler infrastructure used for learning compiler design and implementation. It provides a simple and expressive syntax for defining programming language constructs and compiling them to LLVM intermediate representation. Kaleidoscope is often used in compiler courses and programming language research. |
| Karel | Karel is a programming language and environment designed for teaching programming concepts to beginners. It provides a simplified syntax and features for learning basic programming principles, such as control structures, loops, and functions. Karel is often used in introductory programming courses and educational settings. |
| KEE | KEE (Knowledge Engineering Environment) is a programming language and development environment used for building knowledge-based systems and expert systems. It provides features for rule-based reasoning, knowledge representation, and natural language processing. KEE is often used in the field of artificial intelligence, expert systems, and knowledge engineering. |
| Kixtart | Kixtart is a scripting language used for login scripts, system administration, and automation tasks on Windows platforms. It provides features for system configuration, network administration, and script-driven management tasks. Kixtart is often used in enterprise environments and for system administration scripting. |
| Klerer-May System | The Klerer-May System is a programming language and system used for business application development. It provides features for database access, screen handling, and report generation. The Klerer-May System was used in the 1970s and 1980s for developing business software on minicomputer systems. |
| KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format) | KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format) is a programming language and knowledge representation system used for sharing and exchanging knowledge in a machine-readable format. It provides features for representing ontologies, rules, and logical assertions. KIF is often used in the field of artificial intelligence, semantic web, and expert systems. |
| Kojo | Kojo is a programming language and development environment designed for teaching programming and computational thinking to children. It provides a visual and interactive environment for creating animations, games, and simulations. Kojo is often used in educational settings to introduce programming concepts to young learners. |
| Kotlin | Kotlin is a modern, statically typed programming language developed by JetBrains. It runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and can be used interchangeably with Java code. Kotlin provides features such as null safety, extension functions, and coroutines. It is often used for Android app development, backend development, and general-purpose programming. |
| KRC | KRC (KUKA Robot Language) is a programming language used for controlling KUKA industrial robots. It provides features for defining robot motion paths, coordinating robot movements, and interacting with external devices. KRC is often used in industrial automation and robotic systems programming. |
| KRL (KUKA Robot Language) | KRL (KUKA Robot Language) is a programming language used for controlling KUKA industrial robots. It provides features for defining robot motion paths, coordinating robot movements, and interacting with external devices. KRL is often used in industrial automation and robotic systems programming. |
| KRYPTON | KRYPTON is a programming language used for developing cryptographic algorithms and protocols. It provides features for expressing cryptographic primitives, encryption schemes, and security protocols. KRYPTON is often used in the field of cryptography research, secure communications, and information security. |
| KornShell (ksh) | KornShell (ksh) is a command-line shell and scripting language developed by David Korn at Bell Labs. It provides features for interactive command-line operations, shell scripting, and system administration tasks. KornShell is often used on Unix and Unix-like operating systems as an alternative to the Bourne shell (sh) or the Bash shell. |
| Kodu | Kodu is a visual programming language and development environment designed for creating games and interactive simulations. It provides a drag-and-drop interface for creating game logic, characters, and environments. Kodu is often used in educational settings and by game enthusiasts to create their own games. |
| Kv (Kivy) | Kv (Kivy) is a declarative language used in conjunction with the Kivy Python framework for developing multi-touch applications. It provides a way to define user interfaces and their behavior using a simple and expressive syntax. Kv is often used in the development of cross-platform touch-based applications and graphical interfaces. |
| LabVIEW | LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) is a graphical programming language and development environment used for data acquisition, instrument control, and industrial automation. It provides a visual programming interface based on dataflow diagrams. LabVIEW is often used in scientific research, engineering, and test and measurement applications. |
| Ladder | Ladder is a programming language used in programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for industrial automation and control systems. It provides a graphical representation of electrical circuits and ladder logic diagrams, allowing for easy programming of sequential control processes. Ladder is often used in industrial control applications and process automation. |
| LANSA | LANSA is a programming language and development environment used for rapid application development and cross-platform software development. It provides features for database access, user interface design, and business logic implementation. LANSA is often used in the development of business applications, web applications, and enterprise systems. |
| Lasso | Lasso is a programming language and web development platform used for creating dynamic web applications and data-driven websites. It provides features for database access, server-side scripting, and web application development. Lasso is often used in the development of e-commerce sites, content management systems, and web services. |
| Lava | Lava is a programming language and development environment used for hardware description and synthesis. It provides features for designing digital circuits, specifying their behavior, and generating corresponding hardware designs. Lava is often used in the field of digital system design and electronic engineering. |
| LC-3 | LC-3 (Little Computer 3) is a simple computer architecture and assembly language used for teaching computer organization and architecture. It provides a simplified instruction set and memory model for learning low-level programming concepts. LC-3 is often used in computer science education and introductory computer architecture courses. |
| Lean | Lean is a programming language and theorem prover based on dependent type theory. It provides features for formal verification, interactive theorem proving, and proof automation. Lean is often used in the field of formal methods, programming language research, and mathematical proof development. |
| Legoscript | Legoscript is a programming language and framework used for controlling Lego Mindstorms robots. It provides a way to write code that controls robot movements, sensors, and interactions. Legoscript is often used in educational settings and by hobbyists to explore robotics and programming concepts. |
| LIL | LIL (Language Implementation Language) is a programming language used for implementing programming languages and interpreters. It provides features for defining the syntax, semantics, and runtime behavior of programming languages. LIL is often used in the field of programming language research, compiler development, and language design. |
| LilyPond | LilyPond is a markup language and music engraving program used for typesetting sheet music. It provides a way to describe musical scores using a text-based syntax and produces high-quality sheet music output. LilyPond is often used by composers, arrangers, and musicians for creating professional-looking music scores. |
| Limbo | Limbo is a programming language used in the Inferno operating system and the Plan 9 from Bell Labs distributed computing system. It provides features for systems programming, network communication, and concurrent programming. Limbo is often used in the field of distributed systems, network protocols, and operating system development. |
| LINC | LINC (Laboratory INstrument Computer) is a programming language and development environment used for laboratory automation and data acquisition. It provides features for controlling scientific instruments, data processing, and experiment control. LINC is often used in scientific research, engineering, and laboratory settings. |
| Lingo | Lingo is a programming language used in Adobe Director (formerly Macromedia Director) for creating interactive multimedia applications. It provides features for multimedia playback, animation, and user interaction. Lingo is often used in the development of multimedia presentations, educational software, and games. |
| LINQ | LINQ (Language-Integrated Query) is a feature of the .NET framework that provides a unified query syntax and API for querying data from various sources, such as databases, XML, and collections. LINQ is often used in database programming, data manipulation, and data analysis applications. |
| LIS | LIS (Language for Implementation of Systems) is a programming language and system used for system implementation and compiler development. It provides features for expressing system specifications, defining abstract machine models, and generating code. LIS is often used in the field of system implementation, compiler construction, and formal methods. |
| LISA | LISA (Language for Instruction Set Architecture) is a programming language used for describing and simulating instruction set architectures (ISAs). It provides features for defining instruction formats, addressing modes, and the behavior of processor instructions. LISA is often used in the field of computer architecture research, processor design, and simulation. |
| Language H | Language H is a programming language used for exploring and teaching functional programming concepts. It provides features for high-level abstractions, pattern matching, and expressive type systems. Language H is often used in the field of functional programming education and as a research tool for programming language design. |
| Lisp – ISO/IEC 13816 | Lisp is a family of programming languages known for their expressive power, metaprogramming capabilities, and support for symbolic computation. Lisp provides features for list processing, recursive algorithms, and dynamic typing. Various dialects of Lisp, such as Common Lisp and Scheme, are often used in the field of artificial intelligence, language design, and functional programming. |
| Lite-C | Lite-C is a programming language and development environment used for creating games and interactive simulations using the 3D GameStudio game engine. It provides features for game logic, physics simulation, and rendering. Lite-C is often used by game developers for rapid game prototyping and development. |
| Lithe | Lithe is a programming language and runtime system used for developing distributed and fault-tolerant applications. It provides features for concurrency, fault tolerance, and distributed programming. Lithe is often used in the field of distributed systems, cloud computing, and fault-tolerant computing. |
| Little b | Little b is a programming language used for formal specification and verification of hardware and software systems. It provides features for expressing temporal logic properties, model checking, and theorem proving. Little b is often used in the field of formal methods, formal verification, and system design. |
| LLL | LLL (Low-Level Lisp) is a programming language and development environment used for low-level programming and system development. It provides features for direct manipulation of machine-level instructions and memory. LLL is often used in the field of systems programming, operating system development, and compiler development. |
| Logo | Logo is a programming language and development environment designed for teaching programming concepts to children. It provides a simple syntax and features for learning basic programming principles, such as procedures, loops, and turtle graphics. Logo is often used in educational settings and as an introductory programming language. |
| Logtalk | Logtalk is a programming language and framework used for object-oriented and logic programming. It provides features for defining objects, classes, and predicates using a combination of logic programming and message passing. Logtalk is often used in the field of software engineering, logic programming, and knowledge representation. |
| LotusScript | LotusScript is a programming language used in Lotus Notes and IBM Domino for customizing and extending the functionality of these collaboration software platforms. It provides features for accessing databases, manipulating data, and automating tasks. LotusScript is often used in enterprise environments for building custom applications and workflow automation. |
| LPC | LPC (Lars Pensjö C) is a programming language and development environment used for creating MUDs (Multi-User Dungeons) and text-based virtual worlds. It provides features for game logic, player interactions, and virtual world simulation. LPC is often used in the development of MUDs and online multiplayer games. |
| LSE | LSE (Language Sensitive Editor) is a programming language and editor framework used for developing language-aware editors. It provides features for syntax highlighting, code completion, and semantic analysis. LSE is often used in the field of integrated development environments (IDEs), code editors, and programming language tools. |
| LSL | LSL (Linden Scripting Language) is a scripting language used in the Second Life virtual world platform. It provides features for creating interactive objects, avatars, and behaviors within the virtual environment. LSL is often used by residents of Second Life for building and scripting virtual world experiences. |
| LiveCode | LiveCode is a programming language and development environment used for creating cross-platform applications and multimedia experiences. It provides a high-level scripting language and a visual interface builder. LiveCode is often used in the development of mobile apps, desktop software, and interactive multimedia applications. |
| LiveScript | LiveScript is a programming language and development environment used for building web applications. It is a dialect of JavaScript that provides features for functional programming, concise syntax, and reactive programming. LiveScript has been superseded by other JavaScript-based languages and frameworks. |
| Lua | Lua is a lightweight, embeddable scripting language designed for extensibility and ease of integration with other software. It provides features for procedural programming, data description, and dynamic typing. Lua is often used in game development, embedded systems, and scripting tasks in various applications. |
| Lucid | Lucid is a programming language and development environment used for database query and manipulation. It provides features for declarative programming, relational algebra, and database querying. Lucid is often used in the field of database management systems, data analysis, and business intelligence. |
| Lustre | Lustre is a programming language and formal specification language used for modeling and specifying reactive systems. It provides features for synchronous data-flow programming, model checking, and formal verification. Lustre is often used in the field of embedded systems, real-time systems, and safety-critical applications. |
| LYaPAS | LYaPAS (Language for Yet Another Pseudo-Algebraic System) is a programming language and development environment used for solving algebraic equations and systems. It provides features for symbolic manipulation, equation solving, and numerical computation. LYaPAS is often used in the field of symbolic mathematics, algebraic modeling, and mathematical software development. |
| Lynx | Lynx is a programming language and development environment used for web application development. It provides features for server-side scripting, database access, and web page generation. Lynx is often used as an alternative to other web development languages and frameworks. |
| M Formula language | M Formula language is a programming language used for mathematical formula processing and symbolic computation. It provides features for symbolic manipulation, algebraic operations, and equation solving. M Formula language is often used in the field of mathematical modeling, scientific computing, and symbolic mathematics. |
| M2001 | M2001 is a programming language and development environment used for developing business applications. It provides features for data manipulation, user interface design, and business logic implementation. M2001 is often used in the field of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems and business software development. |
| M4 | M4 is a general-purpose macro processing language used for code generation, templating, and text transformation. It provides features for text substitution, conditional branching, and modular code generation. M4 is often used as a preprocessor for other programming languages and as a build tool in software development. |
| M# | M# (M Sharp) is a programming language and development framework used for building business applications. It provides features for data modeling, database access, and user interface design. M# is often used in the field of business software development and enterprise application development. |
| Machine code | Machine code is the lowest-level programming language that is directly executed by a computer’s processor. It consists of binary instructions that can be executed by the CPU. Machine code is often used in the development of operating systems, device drivers, and low-level system programming. |
| MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder) | MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder) is a programming language used for scientific computation and numerical analysis. It provides features for mathematical modeling, simulation, and data analysis. MAD is often used in the field of scientific research, computational science, and engineering. |
| MAD/I | MAD/I (Michigan Algorithm Decoder/Interpreter) is a programming language and interpreter used for scientific computation and numerical analysis. It provides features for mathematical modeling, simulation, and data analysis. MAD/I is often used in the field of scientific research, computational science, and engineering. |
| Magik | Magik is a programming language used in the Smallworld GIS (Geographical Information System) platform. It provides features for developing custom applications, spatial analysis, and data management. Magik is often used in the field of geographic information systems, utility network management, and geospatial software development. |
| Magma | Magma is a programming language and computational algebra system used for studying algebraic structures, number theory, and abstract algebra. It provides features for symbolic computation, group theory, and algebraic geometry. Magma is often used in the field of mathematical research, computational algebra, and computer-aided mathematics. |
| Máni | Máni is a programming language and development environment used for building web applications and interactive systems. It provides features for reactive programming, event-driven programming, and user interface design. Máni is often used in the development of web-based applications, user interfaces, and interactive media. |
| Maple | Maple is a high-level programming language and computational software used for mathematical computation, symbolic mathematics, and data visualization. It provides features for mathematical modeling, numerical analysis, and symbolic computation. Maple is often used in the field of scientific research, engineering, and mathematics education. |
| MAPPER (now part of BIS) | MAPPER is a programming language and database management system used for developing business applications and managing data. It provides features for data modeling, data manipulation, and application development. MAPPER has been integrated into the BIS (Business Information Server) software platform. |
| MARK-IV (now VISION:BUILDER) | MARK-IV is a programming language and development environment used for business application development. It provides features for data manipulation, user interface design, and business logic implementation. MARK-IV has been superseded by VISION:BUILDER, a visual programming environment for business application development. |
| Mary | Mary is a programming language and development environment used for teaching programming concepts to beginners. It provides a simplified syntax and features for learning basic programming principles, such as control structures, loops, and functions. Mary is often used in educational settings and as an introductory programming language. |
| MATLAB | MATLAB is a high-level programming language and computational environment used for numerical analysis, data visualization, and scientific computing. It provides features for matrix manipulation, data analysis, and algorithm development. MATLAB is often used in the field of engineering, scientific research, and data analysis. |
| MASM Microsoft Assembly x86 | MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembler) is an assembly language used for programming x86 processors. It provides features for low-level system programming, hardware access, and performance optimization. MASM is often used in the development of device drivers, operating systems, and low-level system components. |
| MATH-MATIC | MATH-MATIC is a programming language and system used for symbolic mathematics and mathematical computation. It provides features for symbolic manipulation, equation solving, and numerical computation. MATH-MATIC was used in the 1960s and 1970s for scientific and engineering calculations. |
| Maude system | Maude is a programming language and system used for formal specification, model checking, and rewriting logic. It provides features for formal modeling, analysis, and verification of concurrent and distributed systems. Maude is often used in the field of formal methods, software engineering, and formal verification. |
| Maxima (see also Macsyma) | Maxima is a computer algebra system and programming language used for symbolic mathematics and mathematical computation. It provides features for symbolic manipulation, equation solving, and numerical computation. Maxima is often used in the field of mathematical research, engineering, and scientific computing. |
| Max (Max Msp – Graphical Programming Environment) | Max is a graphical programming environment and language used for interactive music and multimedia applications. It provides features for real-time audio processing, MIDI control, and multimedia integration. Max is often used in the field of music composition, live performance, and interactive media art. |
| MaxScript internal language 3D Studio Max | MaxScript is a scripting language used in Autodesk 3ds Max for automating tasks, extending functionality, and creating custom plugins. It provides features for accessing and manipulating 3D objects, materials, and animations. MaxScript is often used by 3D artists and developers for automating repetitive tasks and customizing the 3ds Max workflow. |
| Maya (MEL) | MEL (Maya Embedded Language) is a scripting language used in Autodesk Maya for automating tasks, extending functionality, and creating custom tools. It provides features for accessing and manipulating 3D objects, animations, and rendering settings. MEL is often used by 3D artists and developers for automating workflows and customizing the Maya environment. |
| MDL | MDL (Microcomputer Development Language) is a programming language and development environment used for embedded systems and microcontroller programming. It provides features for low-level hardware access, device control, and real-time programming. MDL is often used in the field of embedded systems development, microcontroller programming, and robotics. |
| Mercury | Mercury is a logic programming and functional programming language designed for software engineering and logic-based programming. It provides features for declarative programming, type inference, and program optimization. Mercury is often used in the field of software development, logic programming, and constraint-based programming. |
| Mesa | Mesa is a programming language and development environment used for software development and systems programming. It provides features for structured programming, modular code organization, and concurrent programming. Mesa is often used in the field of operating system development, software engineering, and concurrent systems. |
| MHEG-5 (Interactive TV programming language) | MHEG-5 (Multimedia and Hypermedia Information Coding Expert Group) is a programming language used for developing interactive television applications. It provides features for specifying user interfaces, multimedia content, and interactivity. MHEG-5 is often used in the field of digital television, interactive media, and broadcast systems. |
| Microcode | Microcode is a low-level programming language used for controlling the microarchitecture of computer processors. It provides features for specifying microinstructions, executing operations, and controlling the behavior of the processor’s datapath. Microcode is often used in the design and implementation of processors and microcontrollers. |
| Microsoft Power Fx | Microsoft Power Fx is a programming language used in the Power Apps platform for building low-code and no-code business applications. It provides a formula language for expressing logic, calculations, and data manipulation in the context of app development. Microsoft Power Fx is often used by citizen developers and business users for creating custom applications without traditional programming. |
| MIIS | MIIS (Metadirectory Identity Integration Server) is a programming language and platform used for identity management and synchronization. It provides features for data transformation, identity matching, and synchronization rules. MIIS is often used in the field of identity and access management, user provisioning, and enterprise system integration. |
| Milk (programming language) | Milk is a programming language and compiler used for GPU programming and parallel computing. It provides features for data-parallel programming, GPU memory management, and computation scheduling. Milk is often used in the field of high-performance computing, scientific simulation, and data processing. |
| MIMIC | MIMIC (Minneapolis Interactive Microprogramming Interpreted Code) is a programming language and system used for microprogramming and control unit design. It provides features for defining microinstructions, executing microcode sequences, and simulating processor behavior. MIMIC is often used in the field of computer architecture, microarchitecture, and processor design. |
| Mirah | Mirah is a programming language and development framework used for building Android applications. It provides a statically-typed, Ruby-like syntax and compiles to Java bytecode. Mirah is often used as an alternative to Java for Android development, providing a more concise and expressive language for application development. |
| Miranda | Miranda is a functional programming language used for teaching functional programming concepts and research in the field of programming language design. It provides features for declarative programming, pattern matching, and lazy evaluation. Miranda has influenced the development of other functional languages, such as Haskell. |
| MIVA Script | MIVA Script is a programming language and development environment used for e-commerce website development. It provides features for server-side scripting, database access, and e-commerce functionality. MIVA Script is often used in the field of online retail, e-commerce platforms, and web application development. |
| ML | ML is a family of programming languages known for their strong type systems, functional programming features, and static analysis capabilities. ML provides features for type inference, pattern matching, and higher-order functions. Various dialects of ML, such as Standard ML and OCaml, are often used in the field of programming language research, theorem proving, and compiler development. |
| Model 204 | Model 204 is a programming language and database management system used for developing high-performance transaction processing applications. It provides features for data modeling, transaction management, and database access. Model 204 is often used in the field of financial services, government systems, and high-volume transaction processing. |
| Modelica | Modelica is a programming language and modeling framework used for modeling and simulation of complex physical systems. It provides features for defining models using a combination of differential equations, algebraic equations, and discrete-event logic. Modelica is often used in the field of engineering, control systems, and simulation-based design. |
| Malbolge | Malbolge is an esoteric programming language designed to be difficult to understand and program. It has an intentionally complex and convoluted syntax, making it challenging to write programs in Malbolge. Malbolge is often used for programming puzzles, code golf challenges, and as a demonstration of programming language design. |
| Modula | Modula is a family of programming languages known for their modular programming features, strong type systems, and systems programming capabilities. Modula provides features for module-based code organization, data abstraction, and low-level system programming. Various dialects of Modula, such as Modula-2 and Modula-3, have been used in the field of systems programming, operating system development, and software engineering. |
| Modula-2 | Modula-2 is a programming language and development environment known for its strong typing, modular programming features, and systems programming capabilities. It provides features for module-based code organization, data abstraction, and low-level system programming. Modula-2 has been used in the field of systems programming, embedded systems development, and software engineering. |
| Modula-3 | Modula-3 is a programming language and development environment known for its strong typing, modular programming features, and object-oriented programming capabilities. It provides features for module-based code organization, data abstraction, and object-oriented programming. Modula-3 has been used in the field of systems programming, distributed systems, and software engineering. |
| Mohol | Mohol is a programming language and development environment used for developing graphical user interfaces and interactive applications. It provides features for event-driven programming, user interface design, and application integration. Mohol is often used in the field of graphical user interface development, rapid application development, and user-centric application design. |
| MOO | MOO (MUD, Object-Oriented) is a programming language and virtual world platform used for building text-based multiplayer online environments. It provides features for object-oriented programming, player interactions, and virtual world simulation. MOO is often used in the development of MUDs (Multi-User Dungeons) and online collaborative spaces. |
| Mortran | Mortran is a programming language and development environment used for scientific and engineering computations. It provides features for numerical computation, symbolic manipulation, and data analysis. Mortran was widely used in the 1960s and 1970s for scientific programming and engineering calculations. |
| Mouse | Mouse is a programming language and development environment used for teaching programming concepts to beginners. It provides a simplified syntax and features for learning basic programming principles, such as control structures, loops, and data types. Mouse is often used in educational settings and as an introductory programming language. |
| MPD | MPD (Mathematical Programming Language) is a programming language and development environment used for mathematical modeling, optimization, and linear programming. It provides features for defining optimization problems, specifying constraints, and solving mathematical models. MPD is often used in the field of operations research, optimization, and decision support systems. |
| MSL | MSL (Macintosh Scripting Language) is a programming language used for scripting and automation on Macintosh computers. It provides features for automating tasks, interacting with the Macintosh operating system, and controlling applications. MSL is often used by Macintosh users for automating workflows, creating custom scripts, and extending the functionality of Macintosh applications. |
| MUMPS | MUMPS (Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System) is a programming language and database management system used for developing healthcare applications and managing medical data. It provides features for data storage, data manipulation, and application development. MUMPS is often used in the field of healthcare information systems, electronic medical records, and clinical research. |
| MuPAD | MuPAD is a computer algebra system and programming language used for symbolic mathematics, algebraic manipulation, and numerical computation. It provides features for symbolic manipulation, equation solving, and visualization of mathematical objects. MuPAD is often used in the field of mathematical research, engineering, and scientific computing. |
| Mutan | Mutan is a programming language used for writing smart contracts on the Ethereum platform. It provides features for writing executable code that runs on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and interacts with the Ethereum blockchain. Mutan is often used in the development of decentralized applications (DApps), blockchain-based systems, and smart contract development. |
| Mystic Programming Language (MPL) | Mystic Programming Language (MPL) is a programming language and development environment used for scientific computing, numerical analysis, and simulation. It provides features for mathematical modeling, equation solving, and data analysis. MPL is often used in the field of scientific research, computational science, and engineering. |
| NASM | NASM (Netwide Assembler) is an assembly language used for programming x86 and x86-64 processors. It provides features for low-level system programming, memory management, and assembly-level optimization. NASM is often used in the development of operating systems, device drivers, and low-level system components. |
| Napier88 | Napier88 is a programming language and development environment used for teaching programming concepts to beginners. It provides a simplified syntax and features for learning basic programming principles, such as control structures, loops, and data types. Napier88 is often used in educational settings and as an introductory programming language. |
| Neko | Neko is a programming language and runtime system used for developing cross-platform applications and games. It provides features for dynamic typing, garbage collection, and just-in-time compilation. Neko is often used in the field of game development, multimedia applications, and scripting tasks. |
| Nemerle | Nemerle is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming and software development. It provides features for functional programming, object-oriented programming, and metaprogramming. Nemerle is often used in the field of software development, domain-specific languages, and language-oriented programming. |
| NESL | NESL (Nested Data-Parallel Language) is a programming language and runtime system used for parallel programming and high-performance computing. It provides features for data-parallel programming, task scheduling, and performance optimization. NESL is often used in the field of parallel algorithms, scientific computing, and parallel architectures. |
| Net.Data | Net.Data is a programming language and framework used for web application development and dynamic content generation. It provides features for server-side scripting, database connectivity, and web page generation. Net.Data is often used in the field of web development, e-commerce platforms, and dynamic website construction. |
| NetLogo | NetLogo is a programming language and modeling environment used for agent-based modeling and simulation. It provides features for modeling complex systems, simulating agent interactions, and visualizing simulation results. NetLogo is often used in the field of computational social science, ecological modeling, and educational simulations. |
| NetRexx | NetRexx is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It provides a simplified syntax and features for object-oriented programming, Java interoperability, and dynamic typing. NetRexx is often used as an alternative to Java for JVM-based application development. |
| NewLISP | NewLISP is a programming language and scripting environment used for general-purpose programming and automation tasks. It provides features for dynamic typing, Lisp-like syntax, and interactive development. NewLISP is often used in the field of scripting, system administration, and rapid prototyping. |
| NEWP | NEWP (New Executable Work Program) is a programming language used for creating executable programs and command-line utilities. It provides features for file processing, data manipulation, and program control. NEWP is often used for quick prototyping, scripting tasks, and command-line automation. |
| Newspeak | Newspeak is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming and software engineering. It provides features for object-oriented programming, modularity, and language extension. Newspeak is often used in the field of software development, language design, and dynamic programming. |
| NewtonScript | NewtonScript is a programming language and development environment used for developing applications on the Apple Newton personal digital assistant (PDA). It provides features for user interface design, data synchronization, and PDA-specific functionality. NewtonScript was used in the development of applications for the Newton platform. |
| Nial | Nial is a programming language and development environment used for array processing, data manipulation, and numerical analysis. It provides features for array-oriented programming, high-level data manipulation, and efficient computation. Nial is often used in the field of scientific computing, data analysis, and array-based algorithms. |
| Nickle (NITIN) | Nickle (formerly known as NITIN) is a programming language and calculator system used for numerical computation, symbolic mathematics, and scripting tasks. It provides features for mathematical operations, equation solving, and script automation. Nickle is often used for quick calculations, mathematical modeling, and scripting purposes. |
| Nim | Nim is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming and software development. It provides features for high-level programming, static typing, and metaprogramming. Nim is often used in the field of systems programming, web development, and game development. |
| Nix (Systems configuration language) | Nix is a programming language and systems configuration language used for defining and managing software environments and system configurations. It provides features for package management, declarative configuration, and reproducible builds. Nix is often used in the field of system administration, DevOps, and software deployment. |
| NPL | NPL (Nested Programming Language) is a programming language and development environment used for scientific computing, numerical analysis, and simulation. It provides features for mathematical modeling, equation solving, and data analysis. NPL is often used in the field of scientific research, computational science, and engineering. |
| Not eXactly C (NXC) | NXC (Not eXactly C) is a programming language and development environment used for programming LEGO Mindstorms robots. It provides features for controlling robot behavior, sensor input, and motor control. NXC is often used in educational settings and robotics competitions for programming LEGO robots. |
| Not Quite C (NQC) | NQC (Not Quite C) is a programming language and development environment used for programming LEGO Mindstorms robots. It provides features for controlling robot behavior, sensor input, and motor control. NQC is often used in educational settings and robotics competitions for programming LEGO robots. |
| NSIS | NSIS (Nullsoft Scriptable Install System) is a scripting language used for creating installers for Windows applications. It provides features for defining installation steps, configuring options, and customizing the installation process. NSIS is often used in the field of software deployment, software packaging, and application installation on Windows systems. |
| Nu | Nu is a programming language and interpreter used for general-purpose scripting and automation tasks. It provides features for dynamic typing, functional programming, and interactive development. Nu is often used for scripting, system administration, and automation of repetitive tasks. |
| NWScript | NWScript is a scripting language used in the Neverwinter Nights game engine for creating custom game content. It provides features for defining game logic, dialogues, and behavior of non-player characters. NWScript is often used by game developers and modders for creating custom adventures and modifications for the Neverwinter Nights game. |
| NXT-G | NXT-G is a graphical programming language and development environment used for programming LEGO Mindstorms NXT robots. It provides a visual interface for programming robot behavior, sensor input, and motor control. NXT-G is often used in educational settings and robotics competitions for programming LEGO robots. |
| o:XML | o:XML (Object-Oriented eXtensible Markup Language) is a programming language and markup language used for creating XML-based applications and web services. It provides features for defining data structures, defining object behavior, and manipulating XML documents. o:XML is often used in the field of web development, XML processing, and data interchange. |
| Oak | Oak is a programming language that served as the precursor to Java. It was initially developed for use in consumer electronics but was later rebranded as Java. Oak provided features for object-oriented programming, platform independence, and networking capabilities. Although Oak itself is not widely used today, its successor, Java, has become one of the most popular programming languages in the world. |
| Oberon | Oberon is a programming language and development environment used for systems programming, software development, and education. It provides features for modular programming, concurrency, and low-level system access. Oberon is often used in the field of operating systems, embedded systems, and software engineering education. |
| OBJ2 | OBJ2 is a programming language and system used for object-oriented programming, software development, and simulation. It provides features for class-based programming, object composition, and simulation modeling. OBJ2 is often used in the field of software engineering, simulation, and modeling of complex systems. |
| Object Lisp | Object Lisp is a programming language and dialect of Lisp used for object-oriented programming and symbolic computation. It provides features for dynamic typing, object-oriented programming, and symbolic manipulation. Object Lisp is often used in the field of artificial intelligence, expert systems, and symbolic mathematics. |
| ObjectLOGO | ObjectLOGO is a programming language and development environment used for programming simulations, agent-based models, and artificial life systems. It provides features for object-oriented programming, agent-based modeling, and graphical visualization. ObjectLOGO is often used in the field of computational modeling, social sciences, and artificial life research. |
| Object REXX | Object REXX is a programming language and scripting language used for general-purpose programming and system automation. It provides features for scripting tasks, string manipulation, and system integration. Object REXX is often used in the field of system administration, scripting automation, and cross-platform development. |
| Object Pascal | Object Pascal is a programming language and dialect of Pascal used for general-purpose programming and software development. It provides features for structured programming, object-oriented programming, and component-based development. Object Pascal has been widely used in the field of software development, especially for Delphi and Lazarus applications. |
| Objective-C | Objective-C is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, software development, and macOS/iOS application development. It provides features for object-oriented programming, dynamic typing, and messaging-based communication. Objective-C is often used in the field of Apple platform development, macOS/iOS application development, and software engineering. |
| Obliq | Obliq is a programming language and development environment used for distributed programming, network applications, and mobile computing. It provides features for distributed objects, remote method invocation, and network communication. Obliq is often used in the field of distributed systems, collaborative applications, and mobile device programming. |
| OCaml | OCaml is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, functional programming, and systems programming. It provides features for strong typing, type inference, and functional programming constructs. OCaml is often used in the field of language design, theorem proving, and compiler development. |
| occam | occam is a programming language and concurrent programming language used for parallel and concurrent programming. It provides features for process-oriented programming, message passing, and concurrent execution. occam is often used in the field of concurrent systems, parallel computing, and real-time systems. |
| occam-π | occam-π is a programming language and concurrent programming language used for parallel and concurrent programming. It provides features for process-oriented programming, message passing, and concurrent execution. occam-π is often used in the field of concurrent systems, parallel computing, and real-time systems. |
| Octave | Octave is a programming language and development environment used for numerical computation, data analysis, and scientific computing. It provides features for matrix operations, plotting, and algorithm development. Octave is often used as an open-source alternative to MATLAB for numerical analysis and scientific computing. |
| OmniMark | OmniMark is a programming language and development environment used for text processing, document transformation, and data manipulation. It provides features for pattern matching, data extraction, and text-based rule processing. OmniMark is often used in the field of document processing, data transformation, and content management. |
| Opa | Opa is a programming language and development framework used for web application development, full-stack development, and concurrency. It provides features for client-server communication, database integration, and reactive programming. Opa is often used in the field of web development, real-time applications, and collaborative systems. |
| Opal | Opal is a programming language and development environment used for concurrent programming, parallel computing, and distributed systems. It provides features for process-oriented programming, message passing, and coordination of concurrent tasks. Opal is often used in the field of parallel computing, distributed systems, and high-performance computing. |
| Open Programming Language (OPL) | Open Programming Language (OPL) is a programming language and development environment used for optimization modeling, mathematical programming, and constraint programming. It provides features for defining optimization problems, specifying constraints, and solving mathematical models. OPL is often used in the field of operations research, optimization, and decision support systems. |
| OpenCL | OpenCL (Open Computing Language) is a programming language and framework used for general-purpose computing on heterogeneous systems, including CPUs, GPUs, and other processors. It provides features for parallel programming, data-parallel computations, and task scheduling. OpenCL is often used in the field of high-performance computing, scientific simulations, and graphics processing. |
| OpenEdge Advanced Business Language (ABL) | OpenEdge Advanced Business Language (ABL), also known as Progress 4GL, is a programming language and development environment used for business application development and database integration. It provides features for database connectivity, transaction management, and business logic implementation. ABL is often used in the field of enterprise software, business applications, and database-driven systems. |
| OpenVera | OpenVera is a hardware verification language used for designing and verifying digital circuits and systems. It provides features for specifying testbenches, defining assertions, and verifying functional correctness. OpenVera is often used in the field of hardware design, digital verification, and electronic system-level design. |
| OpenQASM | OpenQASM (Open Quantum Assembly Language) is a programming language used for specifying quantum circuits and quantum algorithms. It provides features for representing quantum gates, quantum measurements, and quantum operations. OpenQASM is often used in the field of quantum computing, quantum simulation, and quantum algorithm development. |
| OPS5 | OPS5 is a programming language and production system used for expert systems development and rule-based reasoning. It provides features for rule-based programming, pattern matching, and forward chaining. OPS5 is often used in the field of artificial intelligence, expert systems, and decision support systems. |
| OptimJ | OptimJ is a programming language and development environment used for high-performance computing, mathematical optimization, and constraint programming. It provides features for expressing optimization models, specifying constraints, and solving mathematical programs. OptimJ is often used in the field of operations research, optimization, and algorithm design. |
| Orc | Orc is a programming language and development environment used for concurrent and distributed programming. It provides features for coordination of concurrent tasks, message passing, and composition of parallel processes. Orc is often used in the field of distributed systems, network programming, and parallel computing. |
| ORCA/Modula-2 | ORCA/Modula-2 is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, systems programming, and software development. It provides features for modular programming, data abstraction, and low-level system access. ORCA/Modula-2 is often used in the field of systems programming, embedded systems, and software engineering. |
| Oriel | Oriel is a programming language and development environment used for rapid application development, graphical user interface design, and event-driven programming. It provides features for visual development, user interface widgets, and event handling. Oriel is often used in the field of application development, user interface design, and GUI-based software development. |
| Orwell | Orwell is a programming language and development environment used for teaching programming concepts to beginners. It provides a simplified syntax and features for learning basic programming principles, such as control structures, loops, and data types. Orwell is often used in educational settings and as an introductory programming language. |
| Oxygene | Oxygene is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, software development, and .NET application development. It provides features for object-oriented programming, cross-platform development, and language interoperability. Oxygene is often used in the field of multi-platform development, mobile app development, and software engineering. |
| Oz | Oz is a programming language and development environment used for concurrent and constraint programming. It provides features for concurrent programming, distributed computation, and constraint solving. Oz is often used in the field of concurrent systems, constraint-based modeling, and artificial intelligence. |
| P4 | P4 (Programming Protocol-independent Packet Processors) is a programming language and development framework used for programming network switches, routers, and packet processors. It provides features for defining packet processing pipelines, specifying forwarding behavior, and network protocol customization. P4 is often used in the field of network programmability, software-defined networking, and network function virtualization. |
| P′′ | P′′ (P Prime Prime) is a programming language and development environment used for teaching programming concepts to beginners. It provides a simplified syntax and features for learning basic programming principles, such as control structures, loops, and data types. P′′ is often used in educational settings and as an introductory programming language. |
| ParaSail | ParaSail is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, software development, and high-assurance systems. It provides features for high-level programming, static typing, and concurrency control. ParaSail is often used in the field of software engineering, safety-critical systems, and concurrent programming. |
| PARI/GP | PARI/GP is a programming language and development environment used for number theory, algebraic computations, and mathematical research. It provides features for number theory functions, algebraic manipulations, and mathematical modeling. PARI/GP is often used in the field of mathematical research, cryptanalysis, and computational number theory. |
| Pascal – ISO 7185 | Pascal is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, software development, and teaching programming concepts. It provides features for structured programming, modular design, and type safety. Pascal has been widely used in the field of education, software development, and scientific computing. |
| Pascal Script | Pascal Script is a scripting language and development environment used for embedding scripting capabilities into applications and software systems. It provides features for runtime script execution, access to application internals, and integration with host applications. Pascal Script is often used in the field of software development, automation, and extensibility. |
| PCASTL | PCASTL (Programmable Calculators Standard Teacher Language) is a programming language used for educational programming on programmable calculators. It provides features for mathematical computations, control structures, and input/output operations. PCASTL is often used in educational settings for teaching mathematical concepts and programming principles. |
| PCF | PCF (Programming Computable Functions) is a programming language and type system used for specifying and verifying functional programs. It provides features for functional programming, type checking, and formal reasoning about program behavior. PCF is often used in the field of programming language theory, formal verification, and program correctness proofs. |
| PEARL | PEARL (Process and Experiment Automation Realtime Language) is a programming language and development environment used for real-time and embedded systems programming. It provides features for real-time task scheduling, resource management, and communication with external devices. PEARL is often used in the field of industrial automation, robotics, and safety-critical systems. |
| PeopleCode | PeopleCode is a programming language and development environment used for customizing and extending Oracle’s PeopleSoft enterprise software applications. It provides features for business logic implementation, database integration, and user interface customization. PeopleCode is often used in the field of enterprise software customization, ERP systems, and business process automation. |
| Perl | Perl is a scripting language and development environment used for general-purpose scripting, text processing, and system administration tasks. It provides features for string manipulation, regular expressions, and file handling. Perl is often used in the field of system administration, web development, and bioinformatics. |
| PDL | PDL (Perl Data Language) is a programming language and library used for numerical computing, scientific data analysis, and visualization. It provides features for efficient array operations, matrix calculations, and statistical analysis. PDL is often used in the field of scientific computing, data analysis, and visualization of scientific data. |
| Pharo | Pharo is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, software development, and live programming. It provides features for dynamic typing, interactive development, and reflection. Pharo is often used in the field of software engineering, rapid prototyping, and dynamic language research. |
| PHP | PHP is a programming language and development framework used for web development, server-side scripting, and dynamic web page generation. It provides features for web application development, database connectivity, and server-side processing. PHP is often used in the field of web development, content management systems, and e-commerce platforms. |
| Pico | Pico is a programming language and development environment used for teaching programming concepts to beginners. It provides a simplified syntax and features for learning basic programming principles, such as control structures, loops, and data types. Pico is often used in educational settings and as an introductory programming language. |
| Picolisp | Picolisp is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, symbolic computation, and web development. It provides features for functional programming, homoiconic code representation, and database integration. Picolisp is often used in the field of web development, symbolic mathematics, and rapid prototyping. |
| Pict | Pict is a programming language and development environment used for constraint-based programming, automated testing, and property-based testing. It provides features for defining properties, generating test cases, and verifying program behavior. Pict is often used in the field of software testing, software quality assurance, and test automation. |
| Pike | Pike is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, web development, and scripting tasks. It provides features for dynamic typing, object-oriented programming, and rapid development. Pike is often used in the field of web development, game development, and network programming. |
| PILOT | PILOT is a programming language and development environment used for teaching programming concepts and creating interactive educational programs. It provides features for interactive user interfaces, simple control structures, and multimedia integration. PILOT is often used in educational settings for teaching programming, computer-based instruction, and interactive learning materials. |
| Pipelines | Pipelines is a programming language and development environment used for concurrent and distributed programming. It provides features for message passing, synchronization, and composition of concurrent processes. Pipelines is often used in the field of distributed systems, network programming, and parallel computing. |
| Pizza | Pizza is a programming language and development environment used for concurrent and distributed programming. It provides features for object-oriented programming, message passing, and coordination of concurrent tasks. Pizza is often used in the field of distributed systems, network programming, and parallel computing. |
| PL-11 | PL-11 is a programming language and development environment used for scientific and engineering computation, numerical analysis, and system programming. It provides features for mathematical computations, data processing, and low-level system access. PL-11 is often used in the field of scientific computing, engineering simulations, and systems programming. |
| PL/0 | PL/0 is a programming language and development environment used for teaching programming concepts and compiler design. It provides features for simple control structures, data manipulation, and program interpretation. PL/0 is often used in educational settings for teaching programming principles and compiler construction. |
| PL/B | PL/B (Programming Language for Business) is a programming language and development environment used for business application development, data processing, and database integration. It provides features for file handling, data manipulation, and report generation. PL/B is often used in the field of business software development, data management, and information systems. |
| PL/C | PL/C (Programming Language/C) is a programming language and development environment used for systems programming, software development, and embedded systems. It provides features for low-level programming, system access, and software optimization. PL/C is often used in the field of systems programming, embedded systems, and real-time applications. |
| PL/I – ISO 6160 | PL/I (Programming Language One) is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, systems programming, and scientific computing. It provides features for structured programming, data processing, and systems integration. PL/I has been widely used in the field of scientific computing, enterprise software development, and legacy systems maintenance. |
| PL/M | PL/M (Programming Language for Microcomputers) is a programming language and development environment used for embedded systems, microcontroller programming, and firmware development. It provides features for low-level programming, resource-constrained environments, and hardware-specific optimizations. PL/M is often used in the field of embedded systems, microcontroller programming, and IoT device development. |
| PL/P | PL/P (Programming Language for Production) is a programming language and development environment used for business application development, data processing, and database integration. It provides features for procedural programming, data manipulation, and report generation. PL/P is often used in the field of business software development, data management, and information systems. |
| PL/S | PL/S (Programming Language/Systems) is a programming language and development environment used for systems programming, software development, and operating system design. It provides features for low-level programming, system access, and software optimization. PL/S is often used in the field of systems programming, operating system development, and system-level software. |
| PL/SQL | PL/SQL (Procedural Language/Structured Query Language) is a programming language and development environment used for database programming, stored procedures, and data manipulation. It provides features for SQL integration, procedural control, and data processing. PL/SQL is often used in the field of database development, data management, and enterprise applications. |
| PL360 | PL360 is a programming language and development environment used for scientific and engineering computation, numerical analysis, and system programming. It provides features for mathematical computations, data processing, and low-level system access. PL360 is often used in the field of scientific computing, engineering simulations, and systems programming. |
| PLANC | PLANC (Programming Language for Numeric Control) is a programming language and development environment used for numerical control programming, CNC machine control, and manufacturing automation. It provides features for defining tool paths, specifying machine operations, and controlling machining processes. PLANC is often used in the field of computer-aided manufacturing, CNC machining, and industrial automation. |
| Plankalkül | Plankalkül is a programming language and notation system proposed by Konrad Zuse in the 1940s. It was one of the earliest high-level programming languages designed for engineering calculations and scientific computations. Although not widely used today, Plankalkül was a significant milestone in the history of programming languages and influenced subsequent language designs. |
| Planner | Planner is a programming language and development environment used for AI planning, automated reasoning, and decision-making. It provides features for representing planning problems, specifying goals, and generating optimal solutions. Planner is often used in the field of artificial intelligence, automated planning, and robotics. |
| PLEX | PLEX (Programming Language for Executive) is a programming language and development environment used for industrial automation, real-time control, and manufacturing systems. It provides features for defining control logic, coordinating production processes, and integrating with sensors and actuators. PLEX is often used in the field of industrial control systems, process automation, and factory automation. |
| PLEXIL | PLEXIL (Plan Execution Interchange Language) is a programming language and development environment used for mission planning, spacecraft operations, and autonomous systems. It provides features for representing mission plans, coordinating execution, and handling contingencies. PLEXIL is often used in the field of aerospace engineering, mission control, and autonomous robotic systems. |
| Plus | Plus is a programming language and development environment used for business application development, data processing, and database integration. It provides features for procedural programming, data manipulation, and report generation. Plus is often used in the field of business software development, data management, and information systems. |
| POP-11 | POP-11 is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, artificial intelligence, and cognitive modeling. It provides features for symbolic computation, pattern matching, and interactive development. POP-11 is often used in the field of AI research, cognitive modeling, and computational linguistics. |
| POP-2 | POP-2 is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, artificial intelligence, and cognitive modeling. It provides features for symbolic computation, pattern matching, and interactive development. POP-2 is often used in the field of AI research, cognitive modeling, and computational linguistics. |
| PostScript | PostScript is a programming language and page description language used for document printing, graphics rendering, and typesetting. It provides features for vector graphics, font rendering, and page layout. PostScript is often used in the field of printing, typesetting, and document processing. |
| PortablE | PortablE is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, software development, and AmigaOS application development. It provides features for object-oriented programming, platform independence, and AmigaOS integration. PortablE is often used in the field of Amiga application development, retro computing, and software engineering. |
| POV-Ray SDL | POV-Ray SDL (POV-Ray Scene Description Language) is a programming language used for specifying 3D scenes and rendering high-quality computer-generated images. It provides features for defining objects, materials, lighting, and camera parameters. POV-Ray SDL is often used in the field of computer graphics, 3D modeling, and rendering. |
| Powerhouse | Powerhouse is a programming language and development environment used for business application development, data processing, and database integration. It provides features for procedural programming, data manipulation, and report generation. Powerhouse is often used in the field of business software development, data management, and information systems. |
| PowerBuilder – 4GL GUI application generator from Sybase | PowerBuilder is a programming language and development environment used for rapid application development, GUI-based software development, and database integration. It provides features for graphical user interface design, data connectivity, and business logic implementation. PowerBuilder is often used in the field of enterprise software development, client-server applications, and data-driven systems. |
| PowerShell | PowerShell is a scripting language and command-line shell used for task automation, system administration, and configuration management. It provides features for command execution, scripting constructs, and access to system APIs. PowerShell is often used in the field of system administration, automation, and DevOps. |
| PPL | PPL (Parallel Programming Library) is a programming language and library used for parallel programming, multicore computing, and high-performance computing. It provides features for expressing parallelism, coordinating parallel tasks, and optimizing performance. PPL is often used in the field of scientific computing, computational simulations, and data analysis. |
| Processing | Processing is a programming language and development environment used for visual arts, creative coding, and interactive media. It provides features for graphics rendering, user interaction, and multimedia integration. Processing is often used in the field of digital arts, interactive installations, and educational programming. |
| Processing.js | Processing.js is a JavaScript library and development environment that brings the Processing programming language to the web. It allows for creating interactive visualizations, animations, and graphical applications in the browser using the familiar Processing syntax. Processing.js is often used in web development, data visualization, and creative coding. |
| Prograph | Prograph is a programming language and development environment used for visual programming, graphical user interface design, and rapid application development. It provides features for visual development, data flow programming, and object-oriented design. Prograph is often used in the field of visual programming, GUI-based software development, and multimedia authoring. |
| Project Verona | Project Verona is a programming language and research project focused on building secure and efficient concurrent systems. It aims to provide language-level abstractions and runtime support for safe concurrent programming, mitigating common concurrency-related issues such as data races and deadlocks. Project Verona is still under active development and is part of ongoing research efforts. |
| Prolog | Prolog is a programming language and logic programming framework used for symbolic computation, theorem proving, and artificial intelligence. It provides features for logical reasoning, pattern matching, and rule-based programming. Prolog is often used in the field of AI research, expert systems, and natural language processing. |
| PROMAL | PROMAL (PROgrammable Microprogramming Language) is a programming language and development environment used for microprogramming, microcode development, and low-level system programming. It provides features for specifying microinstructions, controlling microarchitectures, and implementing low-level functionality. PROMAL is often used in the field of computer architecture, microcode development, and microprogramming research. |
| Promela | Promela (Process Meta-Language) is a modeling language and verification tool used for specifying and verifying concurrent and distributed systems. It provides features for describing system behavior, modeling communication protocols, and performing formal verification. Promela is often used in the field of concurrent systems, distributed algorithms, and protocol verification. |
| PROSE modeling language | PROSE (Program Synthesis Using Examples) modeling language is a programming language and framework used for automatic program synthesis from input-output examples. It provides features for specifying input-output constraints, defining search spaces, and generating candidate programs. PROSE modeling language is often used in the field of automated programming, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. |
| PROTEL | PROTEL is a programming language and development environment used for electronic design automation, circuit simulation, and printed circuit board (PCB) layout. It provides features for circuit design, signal analysis, and component placement. PROTEL is often used in the field of electronic engineering, PCB design, and hardware prototyping. |
| ProvideX | ProvideX is a programming language and development environment used for business application development, data processing, and database integration. It provides features for procedural programming, data manipulation, and report generation. ProvideX is often used in the field of business software development, data management, and information systems. |
| Pro*C | ProC is a programming language and development environment used for embedding SQL statements and database access code into C/C++ programs. It provides features for database connectivity, SQL statement execution, and result retrieval. ProC is often used in the field of database application development, client-server systems, and data-driven software. |
| Pure | Pure is a programming language and development environment used for functional programming, theorem proving, and symbolic computation. It provides features for pure functional programming, type inference, and pattern matching. Pure is often used in the field of functional programming research, theorem proving, and automated reasoning. |
| Pure Data | Pure Data (Pd) is a visual programming language and development environment used for multimedia authoring, sound synthesis, and interactive installations. It provides features for visual patching, real-time audio processing, and data flow programming. Pure Data is often used in the field of electronic music, multimedia art, and interactive media design. |
| PureScript | PureScript is a strongly typed functional programming language and development environment used for web development, compiler design, and JavaScript interoperability. It provides features for functional programming, static type checking, and JavaScript code generation. PureScript is often used in the field of web development, frontend programming, and functional programming research. |
| PWCT | PWCT (Programming Without Coding Technology) is a programming language and development environment used for visual programming, software development, and rapid application prototyping. It provides features for visual development, drag-and-drop interface design, and code generation. PWCT is often used in the field of rapid application development, prototyping, and educational programming. |
| Python | Python is a general-purpose programming language and development environment used for software development, web development, scientific computing, and artificial intelligence. It provides features for high-level programming, dynamic typing, and a rich set of libraries and frameworks. Python is one of the most widely used programming languages and finds applications in various domains, including web development, data analysis, machine learning, and automation. |
| Q (programming language from Kx Systems) | Q is a programming language and development environment used for high-performance data processing, time-series analysis, and financial modeling. It provides features for columnar data storage, query optimization, and data analytics. Q is often used in the field of finance, quantitative trading, and data-intensive applications. |
| Q# | Q# (Q-sharp) is a programming language and development environment used for quantum computing, quantum algorithms, and quantum simulations. It provides features for expressing quantum operations, quantum state manipulations, and quantum algorithms. Q# is often used in the field of quantum computing research, quantum algorithm design, and quantum software development. |
| Qalb | Qalb is a programming language and development environment used for scientific computing, numerical simulations, and data analysis. It provides features for mathematical computations, matrix manipulations, and visualization. Qalb is often used in the field of scientific computing, computational physics, and data analysis. |
| Quantum Computation Language | The Quantum Computation Language (QCL) is a programming language and framework used for quantum computing, quantum algorithms, and quantum simulations. It provides features for expressing quantum operations, quantum gates, and quantum circuit representations. QCL is often used in the field of quantum computing research, quantum algorithm design, and quantum software development. |
| QtScript | QtScript is a scripting language and development environment used for embedding scripting capabilities into Qt applications and software systems. It provides features for runtime script execution, access to application internals, and integration with Qt frameworks. QtScript is often used in the field of Qt application development, UI customization, and application scripting. |
| QuakeC | QuakeC is a programming language used for game programming, specifically for the Quake game engine. It provides features for defining game logic, controlling player actions, and managing in-game entities. QuakeC is often used in the field of game development, first-person shooter games, and modding communities. |
| QPL | QPL (Query Presentation Language) is a programming language and development environment used for database query development, report generation, and data analysis. It provides features for specifying query parameters, defining output formats, and aggregating data. QPL is often used in the field of database management, data analysis, and business intelligence. |
| .QL | .QL (Query Language) is a programming language and framework used for querying and analyzing code repositories, software systems, and codebases. It provides features for code analysis, search, and visualization. .QL is often used in the field of software engineering research, code analysis, and software maintenance. |
| R++ | R++ is a programming language and development environment used for statistical computing, data analysis, and machine learning. It provides features for statistical modeling, data visualization, and data manipulation. R++ is often used in the field of data science, statistical analysis, and bioinformatics. |
| Racket | Racket is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, language design, and education. It provides features for functional and imperative programming, domain-specific language creation, and interactive development. Racket is often used in the field of programming language research, language implementation, and software engineering education. |
| Raku | Raku, formerly known as Perl 6, is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, systems administration, and text processing. It provides features for object-oriented programming, functional programming, and regular expressions. Raku is often used in the field of systems administration, text processing, and scripting tasks. |
| RAPID | RAPID is a programming language and development environment used for robot programming, industrial automation, and robot control systems. It provides features for specifying robot movements, coordinating robot actions, and integrating with sensors and actuators. RAPID is often used in the field of robotics, industrial automation, and manufacturing systems. |
| Rapira | Rapira is a programming language and development environment used for teaching programming concepts and computer science education. It provides features for procedural programming, simple control structures, and basic data types. Rapira is often used in educational settings for introducing programming concepts and algorithmic thinking. |
| Ratfiv | Ratfiv is a programming language and development environment used for scientific computing, numerical simulations, and data analysis. It provides features for mathematical computations, matrix manipulations, and visualization. Ratfiv is often used in the field of scientific computing, computational physics, and data analysis. |
| Ratfor | Ratfor (Rational Fortran) is a programming language and development environment used for scientific computing, numerical analysis, and Fortran programming. It provides features for structured programming, Fortran compatibility, and code generation. Ratfor is often used in the field of scientific computing, computational simulations, and Fortran-based applications. |
| rc | rc is a programming language and shell used for scripting, system administration, and interactive computing. It provides features for command execution, file manipulation, and text processing. rc is often used in Unix-like operating systems, especially in Plan 9 from Bell Labs and related systems. |
| Reason | Reason is a programming language and development environment used for frontend web development, React.js programming, and functional programming. It provides features for type inference, pattern matching, and interoperation with JavaScript. Reason is often used in the field of web development, React.js programming, and functional programming research. |
| REBOL | REBOL (Relative Expression-Based Object Language) is a programming language and development environment used for distributed computing, scripting, and network applications. It provides features for expressive syntax, network transparency, and code distribution. REBOL is often used in the field of network programming, distributed systems, and application scripting. |
| Red | Red is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, GUI-based software development, and system programming. It provides features for high-level programming, GUI design, and cross-platform development. Red is often used in the field of application development, rapid prototyping, and software engineering. |
| Redcode | Redcode is a programming language used for programming game-playing programs within the context of the Core War game. It provides features for defining warriors, specifying program behavior, and simulating battles between competing programs. Redcode is often used in the field of artificial intelligence competitions, algorithmic game theory, and computer simulation. |
| REFAL | REFAL (REcursive Functions Algorithmic Language) is a programming language and development environment used for symbolic computation, pattern matching, and formal systems. It provides features for recursive function definition, term rewriting, and symbolic manipulation. REFAL is often used in the field of formal language theory, rewriting systems, and symbolic computation research. |
| REXX | REXX (REstructured eXtended eXecutor) is a programming language and scripting language used for automation, system administration, and scripting tasks. It provides features for string manipulation, command execution, and control structures. REXX is often used in the field of system administration, scripting, and automation in various operating systems. |
| Ring | Ring is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, scripting, and web development. It provides features for dynamic typing, functional programming, and interactive development. Ring is often used in the field of web development, server-side scripting, and rapid prototyping. |
| ROOP | ROOP (Resilient Object-Oriented Programming) is a programming language and development environment used for real-time systems, embedded systems, and safety-critical applications. It provides features for object-oriented programming, design-by-contract, and fault tolerance. ROOP is often used in the field of embedded systems, safety-critical software, and automotive applications. |
| RPG | RPG (Report Program Generator) is a programming language and development environment used for business application development, data processing, and report generation. It provides features for procedural programming, data manipulation, and report formatting. RPG is often used in the field of business software development, data management, and information systems. |
| RPL | RPL (Reverse Polish Lisp) is a programming language and development environment used for scientific computing, numerical simulations, and data analysis. It provides features for stack-based computation, symbolic manipulation, and complex arithmetic. RPL is often used in the field of scientific computing, computational physics, and engineering simulations. |
| RSL | RSL (RenderMan Shading Language) is a programming language used for shading and rendering computer-generated images in the RenderMan rendering system. It provides features for specifying surface appearance, lighting models, and material properties. RSL is often used in the field of computer graphics, visual effects, and animation production. |
| RTL/2 | RTL/2 (Real-Time Language 2) is a programming language and development environment used for real-time systems, embedded systems, and control applications. It provides features for real-time programming, deterministic execution, and system-level control. RTL/2 is often used in the field of embedded systems, control engineering, and robotics. |
| Ruby | Ruby is a dynamic, object-oriented programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, web development, and scripting. It provides features for high-level programming, dynamic typing, and a concise syntax. Ruby is often used in the field of web development, server-side scripting, and application development. |
| Rust | Rust is a systems programming language and development environment used for safe and concurrent programming, low-level system development, and high-performance applications. It provides features for memory safety, thread safety, and modern language constructs. Rust is often used in the field of systems programming, embedded systems, and network services. |
| S2 | S2 is a programming language and development environment used for statistical computing, data analysis, and graphics. It provides features for statistical modeling, data visualization, and data manipulation. S2 is often used in the field of statistics, data science, and research in various domains. |
| S3 | S3 is a programming language and development environment used for statistical computing, data analysis, and graphics. It provides features for statistical modeling, data visualization, and data manipulation. S3 is often used in the field of statistics, data science, and research in various domains. |
| S-Lang | S-Lang is a programming language and development environment used for scripting, extension language integration, and system programming. It provides features for procedural programming, string manipulation, and library integration. S-Lang is often used in the field of system administration, scripting, and software extensibility. |
| S-PLUS | S-PLUS is a programming language and development environment used for statistical computing, data analysis, and graphics. It provides features for statistical modeling, data visualization, and data manipulation. S-PLUS is often used in the field of statistics, data science, and research in various domains. |
| SA-C | SA-C (Structured Array C) is a programming language and development environment used for high-performance computing, parallel programming, and data-intensive applications. It provides features for data parallelism, array-oriented programming, and performance optimization. SA-C is often used in the field of scientific computing, data analytics, and parallel algorithms. |
| SabreTalk | SabreTalk is a programming language and development environment used for airline reservation systems, travel industry applications, and online booking systems. It provides features for transaction processing, data management, and business rule implementation. SabreTalk is often used in the field of travel technology, airline industry systems, and online travel services. |
| SAIL | SAIL (Stanford Artificial Intelligence Language) is a programming language and development environment used for artificial intelligence research, expert systems, and cognitive modeling. It provides features for symbolic computation, logical reasoning, and knowledge representation. SAIL is often used in the field of AI research, cognitive modeling, and knowledge-based systems. |
| SAKO | SAKO (SAS application development language) is a programming language and development environment used for statistical computing, data analysis, and application development with SAS software. It provides features for data manipulation, statistical modeling, and SAS system integration. SAKO is often used in the field of statistics, data analysis, and SAS software development. |
| SAS | SAS (Statistical Analysis System) is a programming language and development environment used for statistical computing, data analysis, and business analytics. It provides features for data manipulation, statistical modeling, and reporting. SAS is often used in the field of statistics, data analysis, and business intelligence. |
| SASL | SASL (Structured-Applicative Language) is a programming language and development environment used for functional programming, formal semantics, and theorem proving. It provides features for higher-order functions, pattern matching, and equational reasoning. SASL is often used in the field of programming language research, formal methods, and functional programming. |
| Sather | Sather is a programming language and development environment used for object-oriented programming, software engineering, and language design research. It provides features for class-based inheritance, dynamic dispatch, and generic programming. Sather is often used in the field of programming language research, software engineering education, and language implementation. |
| Sawzall | Sawzall is a programming language and development environment used for log analysis, data processing, and distributed systems. It provides features for scalable data processing, pattern matching, and map-reduce computations. Sawzall is often used in the field of large-scale data analysis, log processing, and distributed computing. |
| Scala | Scala is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, scalable software development, and concurrent systems. It provides features for object-oriented programming, functional programming, and static typing. Scala is often used in the field of backend development, distributed systems, and data processing. |
| Scheme | Scheme is a programming language and development environment used for functional programming, Lisp programming, and language design research. It provides features for lexical scoping, tail recursion, and macro system. Scheme is often used in the field of programming language research, language implementation, and educational programming. |
| Scilab | Scilab is a programming language and development environment used for scientific computing, numerical analysis, and simulation. It provides features for mathematical computations, data visualization, and algorithm development. Scilab is often used in the field of scientific research, engineering simulations, and academic teaching. |
| Scratch | Scratch is a visual programming language and development environment used for educational programming, game development, and interactive media creation. It provides features for block-based programming, animation, and interactive storytelling. Scratch is often used in educational settings to teach programming concepts and encourage creative expression. |
| ScratchJr | ScratchJr is a visual programming language and development environment designed for young children to learn programming concepts through creative storytelling and interactive media creation. It provides features for block-based programming, simple animations, and interactive games. ScratchJr is often used in educational settings to introduce young children to programming and computational thinking. |
| Script.NET | Script.NET is a programming language and development environment used for scripting, game development, and application scripting. It provides features for scripting support, game engine integration, and dynamic runtime execution. Script.NET is often used in the field of game development, scripting engines, and rapid prototyping. |
| Sed | Sed (Stream Editor) is a programming language and command-line tool used for text processing, pattern matching, and stream editing. It provides features for regular expression matching, text substitution, and file manipulation. Sed is often used in Unix-like operating systems and shell scripting for automated text processing tasks. |
| Seed7 | Seed7 is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, software engineering, and language design research. It provides features for high-level programming, strong typing, and extensibility. Seed7 is often used in the field of language implementation, software prototyping, and educational programming. |
| Self | Self is a programming language and development environment used for object-oriented programming, language design, and reflective programming. It provides features for dynamic object manipulation, prototype-based programming, and run-time code modification. Self is often used in the field of programming language research, reflective systems, and exploratory programming. |
| SenseTalk | SenseTalk is a programming language and development environment used for test automation, scripting, and software quality assurance. It provides features for automated testing, GUI scripting, and system integration. SenseTalk is often used in the field of software testing, test automation frameworks, and quality assurance processes. |
| SequenceL | SequenceL is a programming language and development environment used for parallel computing, data analytics, and algorithmic development. It provides features for functional programming, automatic parallelization, and data-driven computations. SequenceL is often used in the field of high-performance computing, data-intensive applications, and algorithm design. |
| Serpent | Serpent is a programming language and development environment used for smart contract development, blockchain applications, and Ethereum-based projects. It provides features for writing secure and verifiable code for decentralized applications. Serpent is often used in the field of blockchain development, smart contract programming, and decentralized finance. |
| SETL | SETL (SET Language) is a programming language and development environment used for mathematical computation, set theory, and algorithm design. It provides features for set operations, high-level abstractions, and mathematical data structures. SETL is often used in the field of mathematics, algorithmic design, and theoretical computer science. |
| Short Code | Short Code is a programming language and development environment used for early computer programming, numerical computations, and algorithm development. It provides features for simple arithmetic operations, basic control structures, and data manipulation. Short Code was one of the earliest programming languages and was used for demonstration and teaching purposes. |
| SIMPOL | SIMPOL (SIMple POLyglot) is a programming language and development environment used for application development, cross-platform programming, and rapid prototyping. It provides features for high-level programming, multi-platform support, and GUI design. SIMPOL is often used in the field of application development, software prototyping, and cross-platform applications. |
| SIGNAL | SIGNAL is a programming language and development environment used for signal processing, digital signal analysis, and real-time systems. It provides features for signal manipulation, filter design, and system-level programming. SIGNAL is often used in the field of signal processing, audio processing, and real-time applications. |
| SiMPLE | SiMPLE (Scripting Made Easy, Pure and Logical Encoding) is a programming language and development environment used for scripting, automation, and rapid application development. It provides features for simple syntax, dynamic typing, and easy integration with existing systems. SiMPLE is often used in the field of automation, system administration, and small-scale software development. |
| SIMSCRIPT | SIMSCRIPT is a programming language and development environment used for simulation modeling, discrete event simulation, and system dynamics. It provides features for modeling complex systems, simulating events, and analyzing system behavior. SIMSCRIPT is often used in the field of simulation modeling, industrial engineering, and operations research. |
| Simula | Simula is a programming language and development environment used for object-oriented programming, simulation modeling, and software engineering. It provides features for class-based inheritance, object-oriented design, and simulation modeling constructs. Simula is often used in the field of simulation modeling, software development, and object-oriented programming research. |
| Simulink | Simulink is a visual programming language and development environment used for model-based design, system simulation, and control system development. It provides features for graphical modeling, block diagrams, and simulation of dynamic systems. Simulink is often used in the field of control engineering, embedded systems, and dynamic system simulations. |
| SISAL | SISAL (Streams and Iteration in a Single-Assignment Language) is a programming language and development environment used for parallel programming, data-parallel computations, and high-performance computing. It provides features for functional programming, parallel constructs, and data streaming. SISAL is often used in the field of high-performance computing, parallel algorithms, and scientific simulations. |
| SKILL | SKILL (Structured Language for Integrated Knowledge-Based Design) is a programming language and development environment used for electronic design automation, IC design, and layout automation. It provides features for designing and analyzing integrated circuits, creating design automation tools, and integrating with EDA frameworks. SKILL is often used in the field of electronic design, semiconductor industry, and IC layout automation. |
| SLIP | SLIP (Symbolic Lisp Programming) is a programming language and development environment used for symbolic computing, symbolic manipulation, and artificial intelligence research. It provides features for symbolic expressions, pattern matching, and knowledge representation. SLIP is often used in the field of artificial intelligence, symbolic reasoning, and knowledge-based systems. |
| SMALL | SMALL is a programming language and development environment used for teaching programming concepts, algorithm design, and educational programming. It provides features for procedural programming, simple control structures, and basic data types. SMALL is often used in educational settings for introducing programming concepts and algorithmic thinking. |
| Smalltalk | Smalltalk is an object-oriented programming language and development environment used for software development, dynamic programming, and interactive development. It provides features for object-oriented design, dynamic typing, and reflective programming. Smalltalk is often used in the field of software development, graphical user interface design, and educational programming. |
| SML | SML (Standard ML) is a programming language and development environment used for functional programming, type inference, and compiler design research. It provides features for static typing, higher-order functions, and pattern matching. SML is often used in the field of programming language research, type systems, and formal verification. |
| Strongtalk | Strongtalk is a programming language and development environment used for object-oriented programming, dynamic optimization, and runtime performance. It provides features for dynamic typing, just-in-time compilation, and object representation optimization. Strongtalk is often used in the field of programming language research, virtual machines, and runtime optimization. |
| Snap! | Snap! is a visual programming language and development environment used for educational programming, game development, and interactive media creation. It provides features for block-based programming, animation, and interactive storytelling. Snap! is often used in educational settings to teach programming concepts and encourage creative expression. |
| SNOBOL (SPITBOL) | SNOBOL is a programming language and development environment used for string manipulation, pattern matching, and text processing. It provides features for pattern matching, string manipulation, and data transformation. SNOBOL is often used in the field of text processing, pattern matching, and language processing applications. |
| Snowball | Snowball is a programming language and development environment used for text processing, information retrieval, and language processing. It provides features for string manipulation, stemming algorithms, and language-specific processing. Snowball is often used in the field of information retrieval, text mining, and natural language processing. |
| SOL | SOL is a programming language and development environment used for database programming, data manipulation, and business application development. It provides features for structured query language, database interactions, and data processing. SOL is often used in the field of database management, business software development, and data-driven applications. |
| Solidity | Solidity is a programming language and development environment used for smart contract development, blockchain applications, and Ethereum-based projects. It provides features for writing secure and verifiable code for decentralized applications. Solidity is often used in the field of blockchain development, smart contract programming, and decentralized finance. |
| SOPHAEROS | SOPHAEROS is a programming language and development environment used for aerospace engineering, mission planning, and spacecraft simulations. It provides features for orbital mechanics, mission analysis, and spacecraft behavior modeling. SOPHAEROS is often used in the field of aerospace engineering, space mission planning, and spacecraft simulations. |
| Source | Source is a programming language and development environment used for game development, scripting, and interactive systems. It provides features for game scripting, event handling, and graphics programming. Source is often used in the field of game development, modding communities, and interactive entertainment. |
| SPARK | SPARK is a programming language and development environment used for high-integrity systems, formal verification, and safety-critical software development. It provides features for formal methods, static analysis, and software verification. SPARK is often used in the field of safety-critical systems, avionics, and high-assurance software. |
| Speakeasy | Speakeasy is a programming language and development environment used for game development, interactive storytelling, and text-based adventures. It provides features for text parsing, interactive fiction, and game scripting. Speakeasy is often used in the field of game development, interactive storytelling, and text-based gaming communities. |
| Speedcode | Speedcode is a programming language and development environment used for high-performance computing, scientific simulations, and numeric computations. It provides features for efficient numerical computations, matrix operations, and low-level optimizations. Speedcode is often used in the field of scientific computing, computational simulations, and numerical analysis. |
| SPIN | SPIN is a programming language and development environment used for concurrent systems, parallel programming, and model checking. It provides features for modeling concurrent processes, formal verification, and system analysis. SPIN is often used in the field of software engineering, formal methods, and concurrent system design. |
| SP/k | SP/k is a programming language and development environment used for concurrent systems, parallel programming, and distributed computing. It provides features for process coordination, distributed memory management, and parallel execution. SP/k is often used in the field of parallel computing, distributed systems, and scientific simulations. |
| SPS | SPS (Stream-based Processing System) is a programming language and development environment used for real-time data processing, stream processing, and event-driven applications. It provides features for stream processing, data transformations, and real-time analytics. SPS is often used in the field of real-time data processing, IoT applications, and event-driven architectures. |
| SQL | SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language used for database management, data manipulation, and data retrieval. It provides features for defining, querying, and manipulating relational databases. SQL is often used in the field of database management, data analytics, and backend development. |
| SQR | SQR (Structured Query Reporting) is a programming language and development environment used for report generation, data processing, and business intelligence. It provides features for data extraction, transformation, and report formatting. SQR is often used in the field of business reporting, data analysis, and enterprise software. |
| Squeak | Squeak is a programming language and development environment used for educational programming, interactive media, and software development. It provides features for object-oriented programming, dynamic typing, and graphical user interface design. Squeak is often used in educational settings for teaching programming concepts and creating interactive media projects. |
| Squirrel | Squirrel is a programming language and development environment used for scripting, game development, and embedded systems. It provides features for dynamic typing, lightweight scripting, and easy integration with C/C++ code. Squirrel is often used in the field of game development, scripting engines, and embedded systems programming. |
| SR | SR (Stochastic Reward) is a programming language and development environment used for stochastic modeling, performance analysis, and queuing systems. It provides features for modeling probabilistic behavior, performance evaluation, and statistical analysis. SR is often used in the field of performance modeling, queueing theory, and stochastic analysis. |
| S/SL | S/SL (Sequential/Stream Oriented Language) is a programming language and development environment used for stream processing, data manipulation, and text processing. It provides features for sequential and stream-based operations, string manipulation, and data transformations. S/SL is often used in the field of data processing, text mining, and stream-based applications. |
| Starlogo | Starlogo is a programming language and development environment used for agent-based modeling, simulations, and complex systems. It provides features for creating and simulating multi-agent systems, emergent behavior modeling, and visualizing complex systems. Starlogo is often used in the field of complex systems analysis, computational social science, and educational simulations. |
| Strand | Strand is a programming language and development environment used for concurrent programming, parallel computing, and distributed systems. It provides features for concurrent processes, communication channels, and coordination primitives. Strand is often used in the field of parallel computing, distributed systems, and concurrency-oriented programming. |
| Stata | Stata is a programming language and development environment used for statistical computing, data analysis, and research. It provides features for data management, statistical modeling, and econometric analysis. Stata is often used in the field of social sciences, economics, and academic research. |
| Stateflow | Stateflow is a graphical programming language and development environment used for model-based design, state machine modeling, and control system development. It provides features for visual modeling of state machines, hierarchical statecharts, and code generation. Stateflow is often used in the field of control engineering, embedded systems, and industrial automation. |
| Subtext | Subtext is a programming language and development environment used for educational programming, language design, and simplicity-focused programming. It provides features for minimalist syntax, reduced complexity, and expressive code. Subtext is often used in educational settings to teach programming concepts and emphasize simplicity in code design. |
| SBL | SBL (Simple Business Language) is a programming language and development environment used for business process automation, workflow management, and enterprise software development. It provides features for business rule implementation, process modeling, and data integration. SBL is often used in the field of business process management, enterprise application integration, and workflow automation. |
| SuperCollider | SuperCollider is a programming language and development environment used for audio synthesis, sound processing, and music composition. It provides features for real-time sound generation, signal processing, and algorithmic music composition. SuperCollider is often used in the field of electronic music, sound art, and computer-based music composition. |
| Superplan | Superplan is a programming language and development environment used for AI planning, automated reasoning, and knowledge representation. It provides features for logical reasoning, constraint satisfaction, and plan generation. Superplan is often used in the field of artificial intelligence, automated planning, and knowledge-based systems. |
| SuperTalk | SuperTalk is a programming language and development environment used for application scripting, GUI automation, and software customization. It provides features for script execution, user interface manipulation, and system integration. SuperTalk is often used in the field of application scripting, UI automation, and software customization. |
| Swift (Apple programming language) | Swift is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, iOS/macOS app development, and server-side development. It provides features for modern syntax, type inference, and memory safety. Swift is often used in the field of Apple ecosystem development, mobile app development, and backend services. |
| Swift (parallel scripting language) | Swift is a programming language and development environment used for parallel computing, distributed systems, and high-performance computing. It provides features for parallel scripting, workflow orchestration, and data-intensive computations. Swift is often used in the field of scientific computing, data-intensive applications, and distributed computing environments. |
| SYMPL | SYMPL (SYmbolic Mathematics Programming Language) is a programming language and development environment used for symbolic mathematics, algebraic computation, and mathematical modeling. It provides features for symbolic expressions, algebraic manipulations, and numerical computations. SYMPL is often used in the field of mathematics, symbolic computation, and mathematical modeling. |
| TACL | TACL (Tandem Advanced Command Language) is a programming language and development environment used for Tandem NonStop system administration, system monitoring, and batch processing. It provides features for system command execution, job control, and system diagnostics. TACL is often used in the field of Tandem NonStop systems, fault-tolerant computing, and high-availability environments. |
| TACPOL | TACPOL (Tactical Programming Language) is a programming language and development environment used for military simulations, tactical decision support systems, and military operations research. It provides features for tactical modeling, scenario generation, and analysis of military operations. TACPOL is often used in the field of military simulations, defense planning, and tactical decision-making. |
| TADS (Text Adventure Development System) | TADS is a programming language and development environment used for interactive fiction, text adventure game development, and interactive storytelling. It provides features for text parsing, game state management, and narrative design. TADS is often used in the field of interactive fiction, game development, and creative writing. |
| TAL | TAL (Transaction Application Language) is a programming language and development environment used for transaction processing, business application development, and enterprise software. It provides features for database interactions, transaction management, and data integrity. TAL is often used in the field of business applications, transactional systems, and enterprise software development. |
| Tcl | Tcl (Tool Command Language) is a programming language and development environment used for scripting, automation, and extension embedding. It provides features for script execution, dynamic typing, and easy integration with C/C++ code. Tcl is often used in the field of system administration, scripting engines, and rapid prototyping. |
| Tea | Tea is a programming language and development environment used for web development, server-side scripting, and dynamic web applications. It provides features for web template rendering, HTML generation, and server-side scripting. Tea is often used in the field of web application development, dynamic web content, and server-side scripting. |
| TECO (Text Editor and Corrector) | TECO is a programming language and development environment used for text editing, text processing, and macro automation. It provides features for text manipulation, macro execution, and editor customization. TECO is often used in the field of text editing, system administration, and early computer programming. |
| TELCOMP | TELCOMP is a programming language and development environment used for telecommunication systems, network programming, and telecommunications software development. It provides features for network protocol handling, telecommunication algorithms, and system integration. TELCOMP is often used in the field of telecommunication software, network programming, and protocol implementation. |
| TeX | TeX is a typesetting language and development environment used for document typesetting, scientific publications, and mathematical typesetting. It provides features for precise control over document formatting, mathematical notation, and bibliographic references. TeX is often used in the field of scientific publishing, technical documentation, and mathematical typesetting. |
| TEX (Text Executive Programming Language) | TEX (Text Executive Programming Language) is a programming language and development environment used for text processing, report generation, and business data manipulation. It provides features for data extraction, data transformations, and report formatting. TEX is often used in the field of business reporting, data analysis, and document generation. |
| TIE | TIE (Totally Interactive Environment) is a programming language and development environment used for interactive computing, data analysis, and statistical modeling. It provides features for interactive data exploration, statistical analysis, and visualization. TIE is often used in the field of data analysis, exploratory computing, and statistical modeling. |
| TMG (TransMoGrifier), compiler-compiler | TMG (TransMoGrifier) is a programming language and development environment used for compiler construction, language design, and compiler-compiler systems. It provides features for grammar specification, compiler generation, and code generation. TMG is often used in the field of compiler construction, language implementation, and formal grammar analysis. |
| Tom | Tom is a programming language and development environment used for pattern matching, rewriting systems, and term rewriting. It provides features for rule-based programming, symbolic manipulation, and pattern matching algorithms. Tom is often used in the field of symbolic computation, term rewriting systems, and formal methods. |
| Toi | Toi is a programming language and development environment used for educational programming, game development, and interactive media creation. It provides features for block-based programming, animation, and game scripting. Toi is often used in educational settings to teach programming concepts and encourage creative expression. |
| Topspeed (Clarion) | Topspeed (formerly known as Clarion) is a programming language and development environment used for database application development, rapid software prototyping, and business software. It provides features for database interactions, user interface design, and data-driven applications. Topspeed is often used in the field of business software development, rapid application development, and database-driven applications. |
| TPU (Text Processing Utility) | TPU (Text Processing Utility) is a programming language and development environment used for text processing, text editing, and editor customization. It provides features for text manipulation, macro execution, and editor extension. TPU is often used in the field of text editing, system administration, and early computer programming. |
| Trac | Trac is a programming language and development environment used for software configuration management, version control, and project management. It provides features for issue tracking, wiki documentation, and source code management. Trac is often used in the field of software development, project management, and collaborative software engineering. |
| TTM | TTM (Timetable Management) is a programming language and development environment used for scheduling, timetabling, and resource allocation. It provides features for constraint-based scheduling, optimization algorithms, and resource management. TTM is often used in the field of scheduling systems, transportation planning, and resource optimization. |
| T-SQL (Transact-SQL) | T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is a programming language used for database management, data manipulation, and data definition. It is an extension of the SQL language with additional procedural capabilities. T-SQL is often used in the field of database administration, data analysis, and backend development. |
| Transcript (LiveCode) | Transcript is a programming language and development environment used for application scripting, GUI development, and rapid prototyping. It is the scripting language used in the LiveCode development environment. Transcript provides features for event-driven programming, user interface manipulation, and cross-platform development. It is often used in the field of application development, interactive multimedia, and educational programming. |
| TTCN (Tree and Tabular Combined Notation) | TTCN (Tree and Tabular Combined Notation) is a programming language and development environment used for telecommunication systems, protocol testing, and conformance testing. It provides features for test case specification, test execution, and protocol conformance validation. TTCN is often used in the field of telecommunication systems testing, protocol verification, and interoperability testing. |
| Turing | Turing is a programming language and development environment used for educational programming, algorithm design, and software development. It provides features for procedural programming, simple syntax, and educational tooling. Turing is often used in educational settings to teach programming concepts and introductory algorithmic thinking. |
| TUTOR (PLATO Author Language) | TUTOR is a programming language and development environment used for computer-based education, educational software development, and instructional programming. It provides features for creating interactive lessons, multimedia content, and assessment modules. TUTOR is often used in the field of computer-based training, e-learning, and educational software development. |
| TXL | TXL (Tree Transformation Language) is a programming language and development environment used for source code transformation, program analysis, and software refactoring. It provides features for pattern matching, source code manipulation, and program restructuring. TXL is often used in the field of software engineering, source code analysis, and program transformation research. |
| TypeScript | TypeScript is a programming language and development environment used for web development, frontend development, and JavaScript applications. It provides features for static typing, enhanced tooling, and ECMAScript compatibility. TypeScript is often used in the field of web application development, large-scale JavaScript projects, and frontend frameworks. |
| Tynker | Tynker is a visual programming language and development environment used for educational programming, game development, and computational thinking. It provides features for block-based programming, game design, and interactive storytelling. Tynker is often used in educational settings to teach programming concepts and promote creativity in young learners. |
| Ubercode | Ubercode is a programming language and development environment used for Windows application development, software prototyping, and rapid GUI development. It provides features for RAD (Rapid Application Development), easy GUI design, and event-driven programming. Ubercode is often used in the field of Windows software development, rapid prototyping, and user interface design. |
| UCSD Pascal | UCSD Pascal is a programming language and development environment used for educational programming, system software development, and compiler design. It provides features for structured programming, modular design, and cross-platform development. UCSD Pascal is often used in educational settings to teach programming concepts and introduce students to compiler construction. |
| Umple | Umple is a programming language and development environment used for model-driven development, software engineering, and code generation. It provides features for integrating modeling and programming, domain-specific code generation, and model transformations. Umple is often used in the field of software engineering, model-driven development, and domain-specific modeling. |
| Unicon | Unicon is a programming language and development environment used for general-purpose programming, scripting, and rapid application development. It provides features for high-level programming, string manipulation, and data processing. Unicon is often used in the field of rapid prototyping, scripting, and general-purpose programming. |
| Uniface | Uniface is a programming language and development environment used for enterprise application development, legacy system integration, and cross-platform software development. It provides features for RAD (Rapid Application Development), visual modeling, and database integration. Uniface is often used in the field of enterprise software development, legacy system modernization, and cross-platform applications. |
| UNITY | UNITY is a programming language and development environment used for game development, interactive simulations, and virtual reality applications. It provides features for game scripting, asset management, and cross-platform deployment. UNITY is often used in the field of game development, virtual reality experiences, and interactive simulations. |
| UnrealScript | UnrealScript is a programming language and development environment used for game development, modding, and interactive simulations. It provides features for game scripting, AI programming, and content creation. UnrealScript is often used in the field of game development, modding communities, and interactive simulations. |
| Vala | Vala is a programming language and development environment used for application development, GNOME desktop development, and software prototyping. It provides features for object-oriented programming, memory management, and platform integration. Vala is often used in the field of Linux desktop development, GNOME application development, and software prototyping. |
| Vim script | Vim script is a programming language and development environment used for extending the Vim text editor, creating custom macros, and enhancing editing capabilities. It provides features for customizing editor behavior, defining key mappings, and automating repetitive tasks. Vim script is often used by Vim users to customize their editing environment and create personal workflows. |
| Viper (Ethereum/Ether (ETH)) | Viper is a programming language and development environment used for smart contract development, Ethereum-based applications, and decentralized finance. It provides features for formal verification, security-focused programming, and code auditing. Viper is often used in the field of blockchain development, smart contract auditing, and decentralized applications. |
| Visual DataFlex | Visual DataFlex is a programming language and development environment used for business software development, database applications, and client-server systems. It provides features for rapid application development, database connectivity, and user interface design. Visual DataFlex is often used in the field of business software development, database-driven applications, and client-server architectures. |
| Visual DialogScript | Visual DialogScript is a programming language and development environment used for graphical user interface development, application scripting, and automation. It provides features for visual programming, event-driven programming, and user interface design. Visual DialogScript is often used in the field of GUI development, application scripting, and automation tasks. |
| Visual FoxPro | Visual FoxPro is a programming language and development environment used for database application development, rapid software prototyping, and data-centric applications. It provides features for database interactions, data manipulation, and visual programming. Visual FoxPro is often used in the field of database-driven applications, rapid application development, and legacy system maintenance. |
| Visual J++ (Visual J plus plus) | Visual J++ is a programming language and development environment used for Java application development, Windows-based programming, and GUI development. It provides features for Java programming, Windows API integration, and graphical user interface design. Visual J++ is often used in the field of Java development, Windows application programming, and GUI-based software. |
| Visual LISP | Visual LISP is a programming language and development environment used for AutoLISP programming, CAD customization, and automation tasks in AutoCAD. It provides features for extending AutoCAD functionality, customizing the user interface, and automating repetitive tasks. Visual LISP is often used in the field of CAD customization, automation of design workflows, and architectural engineering. |
| Visual Objects | Visual Objects is a programming language and development environment used for business application development, database-driven software, and client-server systems. It provides features for rapid application development, object-oriented programming, and database connectivity. Visual Objects is often used in the field of business software development, database-driven applications, and client-server architectures. |
| Visual Prolog | Visual Prolog is a programming language and development environment used for logic programming, artificial intelligence, and rule-based systems. It provides features for logic programming, constraint solving, and symbolic computation. Visual Prolog is often used in the field of artificial intelligence, expert systems, and knowledge-based programming. |
| WATFIV, WATFOR (WATerloo FORtran IV) | WATFIV and WATFOR are programming languages and development environments used for FORTRAN programming, scientific computing, and numerical analysis. They provide features for scientific computation, mathematical modeling, and numerical algorithms. WATFIV and WATFOR are often used in the field of scientific computing, numerical analysis, and engineering simulations. |
| WebAssembly | WebAssembly is a programming language and runtime environment used for web development, high-performance applications, and cross-platform execution. It provides features for low-level programming, efficient code execution, and platform-independent deployment. WebAssembly is often used in the field of web application development, game development, and performance-critical applications. |
| WebDNA | WebDNA is a programming language and development environment used for web development, dynamic web content, and database-driven applications. It provides features for server-side scripting, database connectivity, and web application development. WebDNA is often used in the field of web development, content management systems, and database-driven websites. |
| Whiley | Whiley is a programming language and development environment used for software verification, program analysis, and formal methods. It provides features for static typing, program verification, and mathematical reasoning. Whiley is often used in the field of software engineering, formal verification, and secure programming. |
| Winbatch | Winbatch is a programming language and development environment used for Windows automation, system administration, and scripting. It provides features for task automation, GUI manipulation, and system integration. Winbatch is often used in the field of system administration, Windows automation, and batch scripting. |
| Wolfram Language | Wolfram Language is a programming language and development environment used for symbolic computation, scientific computing, and algorithmic exploration. It provides features for symbolic expressions, data analysis, and algorithm development. Wolfram Language is often used in the field of mathematics, scientific research, and computational modeling. |
| Wyvern | Wyvern is a programming language and development environment used for secure programming, static typing, and domain-specific language design. It provides features for static verification, type-safe programming, and extensible syntax. Wyvern is often used in the field of secure software development, language design, and research in programming languages. |
| X++ (X plus plus/Microsoft Dynamics AX) | X++ is a programming language and development environment used for Microsoft Dynamics AX application development, enterprise resource planning, and business software development. It provides features for business logic implementation, data manipulation, and integration with Microsoft Dynamics AX platform. X++ is often used in the field of ERP systems, business software development, and enterprise application integration. |
| X10 | X10 is a programming language and development environment used for high-performance computing, parallel programming, and scientific simulations. It provides features for parallel execution, distributed memory management, and fine-grained concurrency. X10 is often used in the field of scientific computing, parallel algorithms, and large-scale simulations. |
| xBase++ (xBase plus plus) | xBase++ is a programming language and development environment used for database application development, rapid software prototyping, and business software. It provides features for database interactions, user interface design, and data-driven applications. xBase++ is often used in the field of business software development, rapid application development, and database-driven applications. |
| XBL | XBL (eXtensible Binding Language) is a programming language and development environment used for web development, user interface customization, and dynamic web applications. It provides features for defining custom elements, attaching behaviors, and manipulating DOM (Document Object Model) elements. XBL is often used in the field of web development, browser extensions, and user interface customization. |
| XC (targets XMOS architecture) | XC is a programming language and development environment used for parallel computing, embedded systems, and low-level programming. It provides features for high-level programming, parallel execution, and fine-grained concurrency. XC is often used in the field of embedded systems, high-performance computing, and hardware-software co-design. |
| xHarbour | xHarbour is a programming language and development environment used for database application development, rapid software prototyping, and business software. It provides features for database interactions, user interface design, and data-driven applications. xHarbour is often used in the field of business software development, rapid application development, and database-driven applications. |
| XL | XL is a programming language and development environment used for constraint programming, optimization, and mathematical modeling. It provides features for constraint modeling, mathematical optimization, and problem-solving. XL is often used in the field of operations research, mathematical programming, and constraint-based optimization. |
| Xojo | Xojo is a programming language and development environment used for cross-platform application development, GUI design, and rapid software prototyping. It provides features for visual programming, object-oriented design, and database integration. Xojo is often used in the field of multi-platform software development, GUI applications, and rapid prototyping. |
| XOTcl | XOTcl (Extended Object Tcl) is a programming language and development environment used for object-oriented programming, dynamic code manipulation, and scripting. It provides features for object-oriented design, code introspection, and metaprogramming. XOTcl is often used in the field of dynamic scripting, code generation, and software development frameworks. |
| Xod | Xod is a visual programming language and development environment used for interactive systems, multimedia programming, and graphical applications. It provides features for visual composition of data flows, interaction design, and real-time feedback. Xod is often used in the field of interactive art, multimedia installations, and creative coding. |
| XPL | XPL (eXtensible Programming Language) is a programming language and development environment used for system programming, operating systems, and low-level software development. It provides features for low-level programming, hardware access, and systems programming. XPL is often used in the field of operating system development, device drivers, and embedded systems programming. |
| XPL0 | XPL0 is a programming language and development environment used for educational programming, algorithm design, and software development. It provides features for procedural programming, simple syntax, and educational tooling. XPL0 is often used in educational settings to teach programming concepts and introductory algorithmic thinking. |
| XQuery | XQuery is a programming language and development environment used for querying and manipulating XML data, database integration, and web services. It provides features for XML data extraction, transformation, and querying. XQuery is often used in the field of XML data processing, content management systems, and database-driven applications. |
| XSB | XSB is a programming language and development environment used for logic programming, deductive databases, and knowledge representation. It provides features for logic programming, rule-based reasoning, and database querying. XSB is often used in the field of artificial intelligence, knowledge-based systems, and semantic web applications. |
| XSharp (X#) | XSharp is a programming language and development environment used for .NET application development, Windows desktop programming, and software development in the XBase language family. It provides features for XBase compatibility, object-oriented programming, and database connectivity. XSharp is often used in the field of Windows desktop applications, XBase-based software development, and database-driven applications. |
| XSLT | XSLT (eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is a programming language and development environment used for XML transformations, document generation, and data processing. It provides features for XML document manipulation, template-based transformations, and stylesheet processing. XSLT is often used in the field of XML data processing, document generation, and content transformation. |
| Xtend | Xtend is a programming language and development environment used for Java application development, code generation, and domain-specific language design. It provides features for concise syntax, extension methods, and powerful code generation capabilities. Xtend is often used in the field of Java development, domain-specific languages, and code generation frameworks. |
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| Yorick | Yorick is a programming language and development environment used for scientific computing, data analysis, and numerical simulations. It provides features for numerical computation, data visualization, and interactive programming. Yorick is often used in the field of scientific research, data analysis, and computational physics. |
| YQL | YQL (Yahoo Query Language) is a programming language and development environment used for web data extraction, data integration, and API querying. It provides features for querying web services, retrieving data from various sources, and performing data transformations. YQL is often used in the field of web scraping, data integration, and data-driven applications. |
| Yoix | Yoix is a programming language and development environment used for application scripting, graphical user interface design, and rapid software prototyping. It provides features for GUI development, object-oriented programming, and platform-independent execution. Yoix is often used in the field of GUI application development, user interface design, and rapid prototyping. |
| Z notation | Z notation is a formal specification language and development environment used for software specification, formal methods, and formal verification. It provides features for mathematical notation, formal reasoning, and software correctness proofs. Z notation is often used in the field of software engineering, formal methods, and critical systems development. |
| Z shell | Z shell (zsh) is a command shell and scripting language used for Unix-based operating systems, shell scripting, and command-line interactions. It provides features for shell scripting, command line completion, and interactive shell capabilities. Z shell is often used as an alternative to the Bourne shell (sh) and Bash (Bourne-Again SHell) with additional features and improved usability. |
| Zebra, ZPL, ZPL2 | Zebra Programming Language (ZPL) is a programming language and development environment used for label printing, barcode generation, and automated labeling systems. It provides features for designing label layouts, data merging, and printer control. ZPL is often used in the field of label printing, logistics, and automated identification systems. |
